HOW CAN MORAL RESPONSIBILITY BE ASCRIBED TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS Research Proposal

HOW CAN MORAL RESPONSIBILITY BE ASCRIBED TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS - Research Proposal Example Aside from this, a computer system is only helpful if its functions well and with ample amount of security. By this, it has a system that works the way it is as it is expected to work that way and be much reliable (Bace, 2000, p.29; Forester and Morrison, 1993). In other words, a computer system is created to maximise its benefits. We can actually see this happening now. Below are some actual observations we can associate with a computer system and its various benefits it offers to the humanity. Today, wherever we go, we always encounter highly systematic and computerized services, gadgets and other related technologies. Starting with our private and personal needs, many of them are now integrated with computer systems. Our mobile phones for instance, are designed with high ability to function based on a complex computerised system. Mobile phones for instance, have been revolutionised into smartphones with various features aside from their basic functions. With smartphones, we can co nnect to the whole world; extend our social networks and make it live wherever we go; we can shop in abundance or initiate business and conduct other related transactions; we can download and upload almost everything at anytime with all convenience and more. These are just some added features we can encounter with a highly innovative smartphones today aside from the very basic features of calling and sending or receiving short message service (SMS). For online access, we can even connect it anytime and almost everywhere to Wi-Fi zones and fast-speed internet broadband connections, which also perform at their best via assistance of a computer system. In addition to meeting our personal needs, the design of musical gadget such as iPods can play music and do more complex tasks with the use of simple features and commands, all are made possible because of intricate and powerful design of a working computer system. Furthermore, we can withdraw and transfer money from anywhere because of Automated Teller Machines (ATM) working online, 24 hours a day in a week, which allow us to insert our ATM cards designed to function in perfect compatibility with various banking machines. In fact, our banking transactions can even be made more complex as one could now initiate cross-banking services, all because of the upgraded computer system. Without any question, we now rely on a computer system our very crucial transactions like these. We might be unconscious about it, but we gave in to the promise of computer system into our lives, to the extent that we trust that our confidentiality will have a high value of assurance. In fact, various businesses offering service and product offerings are now depending their entire transactions on a computer system in order to meet the demand for more convenience, profitability and tough competition for gaining competitive advantage. As the world transforms and as the lifestyles of many change, we tend to rely on the capability of a computer system in order to aid our life for convenience and other substantial benefits it could possibly offer us. In addition, for various health services, we also depend on

Nursing and Health Care within the Community Essay

Nursing and Health Care within the Community - Essay Example The paper tells that the effectiveness and success of nursing and healthcare provision within the community is largely dependent on proper holistic assessment based on an appropriate conceptual theoretical framework. Holistic assessment enables a nurse to plan the necessary patient-centred, consultative and evidence-based intervention while also taking into consideration the matter of client/carer and self-care extent to ensure that the client receives the best care possible while away from the hospital. The client selected in the family case study provided is Michaela and a justification for utilisation of Orem’s model of assessment for Michaela will be provided. Planned intervention integrating referrals to multi-disciplinary teams and the patient’s own values will be developed based on the best evidence followed by evaluation of the planned care for Michaela. Orem’s model was selected for the case of Michaela based on several considerations that make it the be st conceptual framework to utilise in this case. Orem’s model is founded on the view that nursing is necessary just in the time when the patient’s care needs are beyond self capacity or ability hence the nurse intervenes by evaluating the patient’s ability and then educating, providing guidance while at the same time delivering care whose completeness is relative to the patient’s own ability. Central to Orem’s model is the concept of self-care which is especially being encouraged by the UK health policy as an effective means of improving the health. (Department of Health 2005, p. 48). It has been observed that Orem’s model is exclusively the main self care framework that can be incorporated effectively in assessment of patients (Basavanthappa 2007, p. 24-25; Macduff and Sinclair 2008, p. 32; Sitzman 2011, p. 339). Wilson (2003, p. 68) recognises the crucial role that nurses bear in education of clients and their carers where present and atta ch importance to Orem’s model in ensuring that this is achieved. They also note that nurses are charged with the duty of providing information that influences the patients’ decisions and participation in self care both of which are achievable through Orem’s self care deficit theory of nursing. Orem’s model is thus quite applicable for Michaela as a means of establishing the extent to which she can take care of her health and then developing a care plan to intervene on her deficiencies alongside an evaluation of the entire process and its impact on her health. This model is also advantageous as it is based on self care which particularly applies to the patient’s situation as we can discern that she cannot access a proper carer as her husband is also sick and unable to work while the daughter is currently in school and has her own problems with regard to decisions on reproductive health. The objectives of applying Orem’s model in Michaela†™s situation includes assessment of her health conditions according to the items in the model, identification of her needs and lastly demonstration of effective communication with her in order to provide patient focused care and intervention (Nursing Theories 2011). The first self care item on Orem’s model is the maintenance of sufficient intake of

Photojournalism Analysis of Hong Kong Protest

Photojournalism Analysis of Hong Kong Protest Mohammad Aqdas Qasem Photojournalism and Organizational Analysis of Hong Kong Protest Photojournalism is an ideology that many journalists now use to manipulate pictures to tell a story in a specific way (Schwartz 223). Photojournalism is used as â€Å"a medium that ‘captures’ news† and they â€Å"must insist on the objectivity of their pictures at the same time they attempt to demonstrate the mastery of the craft† (223). Photojournalism portrays a given news story, giving an illusory look of reality, whereas truly, they are manipulating various aspects of the image (such as angles, focus, and etc.) to make the story be perceived a certain way (223). An important feature of photojournalism is the simplicity of the picture; the power of the photograph is positively correlated with its simplicity (Schwartz 224). By creating an illusion of naturalism, the photojournalist is able to maintain their objectivity, which is an important aspect of the photo because they are aware that the audience relies on their â€Å"objective record of realityâ₠¬  (231). Figure 1 is a prime example of the way photojournalism is used to give details about the current news in a simplistic manner. Figure 1. A male alongside his group of protestors sitting outside a government headquarter in Hong Kong Figure 1 displays a group of people sitting outside a government headquarter in front of a fence in an evening protesting rally in Hong Kong (Wong and Buckley 2014). The protestors are dressed in protective gear as a cautionary procedure to protect themselves from the guards’ pepper spray (2014). They are protesting for their rights to change the way that China determines who their leader is starting in 2017 (2014). By applying an organizational perspective, the various methods used by the photojournalist can be understood. Organizational analysis explains the exploitations of certain items in the image and the distortions of others and how these alongside the rules and conventions of photojournalism influence the final product/image, ultimately disturbing the objective portrayal of reality in their depiction of a story through an image. It is evident that the photojournalist relied on a common practice to retrieve this picture: journalistic beats. Journalistic beats are regions in which news is expected to occur regularly, so journalists attend to these respective areas waiting to capture the news when it does occur (Blackwell 67). Figure 1 was taken in front of government headquarters (Wong and Buckley 2014), and any place of government is a regular news producer (Blackwell 67). Figure 1 exemplifies the use of informational biases to structure the story. The photojournalist used the informational bias of personalization to â€Å"emphasize human-interest angles and emotional impact† (70). Using personalization, the photojournalist allows the audience to view the story in an individualistic manner rather than one that generalizes everybody at a societal level (70). This bias is very effective because, according to Schwartz, the audience wants to see â€Å"the human side of the tragedy† (226). The use of dramatization alongside personalization further exacerbates the photojournalist’s manipulative technique in trying to emphasize the emotional aspect of the story (Blackwell 71). Although the story is about a group of protesters fighting for democracy, Figure 1 focuses primarily on one protestor (the male in protective gear) to dramatize and â€Å"heighten the audience interest† (Blackwell 71). Figure 1 shows the ‘dirty’ part of the story and this helps grab the readers’ attention because readers want to see pictures of the tragedy (Schwartz 225). The photojournalist also plays with the informational bias of authority-disorder. This bias represents a tension between one of authority (the government) and one of disorder (protesting) (Blackwell 71). By personalizing the story then exacerbating it with dramatization, it allows the photojournalist to emphasize the greater bias: the tension between authority and disorder. Figure 1 also illustrates different manipulations of the form of the image to portray the story in a certain way. According to Schwartz, â€Å"the aesthetics of photojournalism require the active manipulation of form in order to maintain the illusion of naturalism† (228). This is evident through the use of framing, selective focusing, and the use of leading lines. The ‘rule of thirds’ is the method in which framing is used as a manipulation of form. The rule of thirds is a division of the picture into three equally divided sections, both horizontally and vertically (Schwartz 229). In this division, there are four points of intersection between the lines (229). To make an image seem more dynamic and of more interest to the reader, the main purpose or subject of the image is placed within proximity of one of these four points (229). Figure 2 shows the four points of intersection surround the man wearing protective gear and he takes up a third of the whole image, making him the primary focus of the image. Alongside the informational bias of dramatization, the rule of thirds allows viewers to focus on the scandalous nature of the event (how the man is wearing protective gear) by putting the man as the primary focus. Figure 2. The image of Figure 1 divided using the framing method of the rule of thirds Using selective focusing further manipulates the way the reader perceives the story in the image. Figure 1 shows the background is not in as much focus and not as sharpened as the main subject of the image, the man in protective gear. Although, the other group of protestors are not completely taken out of focus of the image, probably to further emphasize the personalization of the protesting and to exacerbate the event, they are not the primary focus. Also, the photojournalist blurs the fence or gate that the protestors are sitting in front of and this has a strong effect towards the overall story and picture. The blurring of the gates that the protestors are sitting in front makes it look like the protestors are in a prison. This selective focusing emphasizes the authority (government) and disorder (‘criminals’) tension and seems to favour the authority side of the pull. By portraying the protestors as prisoners, through selective focusing, the photojournalist resolves the authority-disorder tension by edging towards the direction of authority. Figure 3 shows the photojournalist’s use of leading lines as a manipulation of the image to shift the focus. The photojournalist uses the method of leading lines to further emphasize the main area of interest of their image/news (Schwartz 230). The lines in this image, as shown in Figure 3, are portrayed through the bars of the gate in the picture. These lines of direction or leading lines put further attention the center protestor, strengthening his focus in the image. Figure 3. The use of the gate bars as leading lines to direct the audiences’ attention In conclusion, through an organizational analysis perspective, photojournalism attempts to convey a story through an image while trying to maintain a sense of objectivity. However, because photojournalism is an organizational culture itself, the profession follows a set of conventions and rules (Blackwell 59), thus it is not possible to maintain a sense of objectivity. Although photojournalists are taking real life pictures, they do manipulate the ways in which the photographs are taken, as explained above, and this further distorts reality for the viewer, guiding their belief in the story the image is telling in a specific direction. This is an example of a consequence of news conventions within photojournalism (76) and is shown using the above example. Ultimately, drawing on the codes of objectivity in photojournalism, as discussed by Schwartz, the photograph presents reality subjectively, guiding the audiences’ view towards a specific direction, in this case authority-drive n, that portrays the protestors as criminals that are trying to go against the government. Works Cited Ott, Brian L. and Robert L. Mack. Critical Media Studies: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2014. Schwartz, Donna. â€Å"To Tell the Truth: Codes of Objectivity in Photojournalism† in Visual Communication and Culture: Images in Action, Jonathan Finn, ed. Oxford, 2012: 222-233. Wong, Alian, and Buckley, Chris. â€Å"Police Arrest Dozens of Pro-democracy Protesters in Hong Kong.† The Globe and Mail 27 Sep. 2014. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/police-arrest-dozens-of-pro-democracy-protesters-in-hong-kong/article20819174/ >

Arnold Schoenbergs Musical Influence Essay -- Arnold Schoenberg Music

Arnold Schoenberg's Musical Influence Arnold Schoenberg was one of the greatest musical influences of the mid 20th Century. He was born on September 13, 1874, to a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria (Schoenberg 1). Schoenberg was a young Jewish man during World War I (WWI) living in Berlin. He was directly affected by the invasion of the Nazis. In 1933, he had to leave Berlin and desert his faith for Lutheranism later on taking on the faith of Judaism. At the early age of eight, he began violin lessons and almost immediately started composing music (Schoenberg 1). He was self-taught until the age of 10 when he began formal training (Schoenberg 1). He earned a living by orchestrating operettas, directing a cabaret orchestra, and teaching. Schoenberg influenced the music and art of the western culture in numerous ways. Some of the most successful composers were his students. These students were molded by Schoenberg and directly absorbed his knowledge and style. Schoenberg created different rhythms and tunes that were passed along to his students and other composers. He was able to catch the attention of a multitude through his writings, music, paintings, and post cards. This variety of talent gathered a larger audience and catered to their needs. Being that Schoenberg often traveled and taught at his destination, he was well known throughout the world and influenced many. Schoenberg taught over thousands of students within a fifty-year period including Austrian composers Anton Webern and Alban Berg (Bailey 2). Schoenberg did not view teaching as a job but rather as an inspirational motivation tool. He said: â€Å"I must confess that I was a passionate teacher, and the satisfaction of giving to beginners as much as possible of my own knowledge was probably a greater reward that the actual fee I received (Simms 1).† His passion was passed down to his students encouraging a musical revolution. The more he taught, the more lives he influenced. Students serve as a great preservation of history and culture. They take what they have learned, add their style to it, and it starts the domino effect from there. It is obvious that Schoenberg regarded teaching as more than a job but a way to influence and enhance culture. He felt that he didn’t gain from what he was taught unless he had already discovered it. Schoenberg created a twelve-tone method and many rhythms and tu... ...eavy Metal, Country, and Broadway are based on the concepts of temperament and tonality defined by Schoenberg. He created a twelve-tone method and many wonderful rhythms and tunes. His greatest joy in life was to teach. He wanted to influence students to take chances and to have their own musical styles. He was never afraid to show his own styles and expressions to the world. Works Cited Arnold Schoenberg Center: The Portrait of a Century at http://www.schoenberg.at/1_as/essay/essay_e.htm Arnold Schoenberg – Born: September 13, 1874 Vienna/ Died: July 13, 1951 Los Angeles, California at http://www.wwnorton.com/classical/composers/schnbrg.htm Arnold Schoenberg - The American Works at http://www.schirmer.com/composers/schoenberg_essay.html Arnold Schoenberg: (1874-1951) at http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/schonberg.html Arnold Schoenberg Center: Schoenberg as a Teacher http://www.schoenberg.at/1_as/schueler/lehrerschueler_e.htm Bailey, Walter B. The Arnold Schoenberg Companion. Greenwood Press, 1998 Simms, Bryan R. The Atonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg, 1908-1923. Oxford US, 2000 Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute IX/1 June 1986. Arnold Schoenberg's Musical Influence Essay -- Arnold Schoenberg Music Arnold Schoenberg's Musical Influence Arnold Schoenberg was one of the greatest musical influences of the mid 20th Century. He was born on September 13, 1874, to a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria (Schoenberg 1). Schoenberg was a young Jewish man during World War I (WWI) living in Berlin. He was directly affected by the invasion of the Nazis. In 1933, he had to leave Berlin and desert his faith for Lutheranism later on taking on the faith of Judaism. At the early age of eight, he began violin lessons and almost immediately started composing music (Schoenberg 1). He was self-taught until the age of 10 when he began formal training (Schoenberg 1). He earned a living by orchestrating operettas, directing a cabaret orchestra, and teaching. Schoenberg influenced the music and art of the western culture in numerous ways. Some of the most successful composers were his students. These students were molded by Schoenberg and directly absorbed his knowledge and style. Schoenberg created different rhythms and tunes that were passed along to his students and other composers. He was able to catch the attention of a multitude through his writings, music, paintings, and post cards. This variety of talent gathered a larger audience and catered to their needs. Being that Schoenberg often traveled and taught at his destination, he was well known throughout the world and influenced many. Schoenberg taught over thousands of students within a fifty-year period including Austrian composers Anton Webern and Alban Berg (Bailey 2). Schoenberg did not view teaching as a job but rather as an inspirational motivation tool. He said: â€Å"I must confess that I was a passionate teacher, and the satisfaction of giving to beginners as much as possible of my own knowledge was probably a greater reward that the actual fee I received (Simms 1).† His passion was passed down to his students encouraging a musical revolution. The more he taught, the more lives he influenced. Students serve as a great preservation of history and culture. They take what they have learned, add their style to it, and it starts the domino effect from there. It is obvious that Schoenberg regarded teaching as more than a job but a way to influence and enhance culture. He felt that he didn’t gain from what he was taught unless he had already discovered it. Schoenberg created a twelve-tone method and many rhythms and tu... ...eavy Metal, Country, and Broadway are based on the concepts of temperament and tonality defined by Schoenberg. He created a twelve-tone method and many wonderful rhythms and tunes. His greatest joy in life was to teach. He wanted to influence students to take chances and to have their own musical styles. He was never afraid to show his own styles and expressions to the world. Works Cited Arnold Schoenberg Center: The Portrait of a Century at http://www.schoenberg.at/1_as/essay/essay_e.htm Arnold Schoenberg – Born: September 13, 1874 Vienna/ Died: July 13, 1951 Los Angeles, California at http://www.wwnorton.com/classical/composers/schnbrg.htm Arnold Schoenberg - The American Works at http://www.schirmer.com/composers/schoenberg_essay.html Arnold Schoenberg: (1874-1951) at http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/schonberg.html Arnold Schoenberg Center: Schoenberg as a Teacher http://www.schoenberg.at/1_as/schueler/lehrerschueler_e.htm Bailey, Walter B. The Arnold Schoenberg Companion. Greenwood Press, 1998 Simms, Bryan R. The Atonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg, 1908-1923. Oxford US, 2000 Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute IX/1 June 1986.

Mind and Citadel Essay

Masculinity is the properties characteristic of the male sex. Characteristics include strength, toughness, brutality and many more. All of which are the characteristics of the boys who attended The Citadel in hopes of leaving the school as men. Susan Faludi, author of The Naked Citadel, writes about the problems within the prestigious school, the major problem, being sexism. The Citadel’s problem can be almost clearly supported by Malcom Gladwell’s Power of Context argument from his book the Tipping Point. The militaristic environment at the Citadel changes each cadet’s character into an extreme emotionally ruined version of who they once were. These changes turn into violence in the extreme. Perception is the key to many disagreements within society. This holds true in the situation that affects The Citadel. When a girl, Shannon Faulkner, applies to be the first female admitted to the Cadet Corps. She attempts to mess with the system by leaving out her gender. The perception at the Citadel is that women would not be a good fit in the school. Tradition has a major part with this. It is apparent that Shannon’s entrance to the Citadel has proven to become a threat to the Citadel community since it is an all-male institution, intended to train real men. The Citadel has always been an all boy school as â€Å"except of course, they weren’t really boys at all. These were college men† (Faludi 78). Who’s to say however that they are in fact men? What defines a man? Within the society a man is expected to think, act and live in a masculine manner. Showing emotions or sensitivity is considered taboo among the males. In the Citadel a man can act in a manner in which the threat of breaking the public norms is not eminent. The way of life in the Citadel made it almost impossible to live for a woman. Society as a whole saw the Citadel as an established all male school and they were determined to keep it that way. However, this perception is based on what is seen from an outside perspective. Gladwell defines this aspect of perception of character as the FAE, Fundamental Attribution Error. Gladwell writes, â€Å"The mistake we make in thinking of character as something unified and all-encompassing is very similar to a kind of blind spot in the way we process information† (162). If character is something unified, then everyone must be classified as one in the same. The mistake the Citadel is making is having their all boy school rule become a blind spot for the future. The future that lies ahead can never be, if the Citadel sticks to their tradition. While tradition is what made the school so prestigious, a change in time may also need a change in tradition. A women can just as easily â€Å"be one of the guys† as any other guy. While men have defining characteristics that make them appear different from women, there are many attributes, such as personality that isn’t so distinctive between certain people. The Citadel being filled with men who everyone knew would resist the idea of a women being admitted to the school, needed someone who could â€Å"fit† in. â€Å"Robert Patterson, the Citadel attorney who had previously represented V. M. I. , asked Astin, his voice full of unflattering insinuation about the kind of woman he imagined her to be. Astin: I suppose the same as the kind of men who want to go there. Patterson: Would it be a woman that would not be all that different from men? Astin: Yes. † (Faludi 95). This quick interrogation of Alexander Astin explains that men and women are not different after all. While Patterson thought he found the winning point to his case, he actually put himself and the Citadel in a hole. Women, who would apply to The Citadel, feel that they have the ability to compete with the existing me inside. Everyone knew how the Citadel was run. It was filled with aggressive men under military rules. But Shannon Faulkner still applied. Sharron Faulkner was the type of women that Patterson perceived would be able to attend the Citadel. You could cite her memory that as a small child she preferred playing outside with the boys to playing with certain girls whom she deemed â€Å"too prissy†Ã¢â‚¬  (Faludi 96). Shannon was always, â€Å"one of the boys†. Her background and general attitude is extremely similar to anyone of the â€Å"men† at the Citadel. Even with this, the Citadel is still against the idea. â€Å"The psychologist Walter Mischel argues that the human mind has a kind of â€Å"reducing valve† that â€Å"creates and maintains the perception of continuity even in the face of perpetual observed changes in actual behavior† (Gladwell 162). The way our mind works, it is hard for people to have multiple views on something. In the case of the Citadel, society perceived the school as a strict all boy school that is not suitable for any women. Society also perceived Shannon as just a woman. â€Å"Just† isn’t putting down that aspect, but that is all that society saw her as. So if the Citadel is looked at and known as an all boys militaristic school that women would never be able to step foot into as a student and Shannon was looked at as just a woman then in no way shape or form would she ever be allowed to attend that school. That’s the problem with our society. We base our judgment on what we see, not on what we know. Any women who is willing to put herself through that type of embarrassment and trouble and even death threats just to get into a school, in my mind is more of a man than any of those kids in the Citadel. Society is filled with stereotypes and that is what everyone is based off of. You, the next guy and me will always be looked at by society as part of a stereotype. This is the problem with the Citadel, and society in general. Perception is key in all events that occur at the Citadel. Perception plays a strong role in the Power of Context as wells as sexism at the Citadel. The focus on environment is the main aspect of the Power of Context. It says the people are â€Å"acutely sensitive to their environment† (Gladwell 159). People are therefore prompted to do certain things based on their perception of their environment. This is exactly what was occurring at the Citadel. The cadets were prompted to react physically towards each other based on what their perception of a man was. Knobs told me that they were forced to run through the showers while the upperclassman â€Å"gaurds† knocked the soap out of their hands and, when the knobs leaned over to retrieve it the upperclassman would unzip their pants and yell, â€Å"Don’t pick it up, don’t pick it up! We’ll use you like we used those girls! † (Faludi 105). The Citadel continually expresses the idea of being a man. However, the upperclassman takes advantage of this and confuses strength of a man with violence. These knobs that come into the university as boys, are turning into emotionally stunted individuals. They lack the understanding of a real man. As well as what it means to be in a relationship a part from other men. Women, whether they believe so or not, are a great importance to the future of the Citadel. The reality of the Citadel, however, is that it’s producing less â€Å"men† and more homosexuals. This may in fact be a direct result of no women in the vicinity. â€Å"When a Citadel attorney asked Doucet why female cadets would pose a problem on the campus, the only issue he raised was the humiliation that cadets feel if women observe the cadets’ on-campus interactions† (Faludi 104). Humiliation may be one of the strongest emotions that can alter ones character forever. However, if women were allowed in the school than humiliation would not be an issue because the men would change their ways to please women. Women posed no actual threat to the school, except the embarrassment of the cadets. Is that even a legitimate reason to prevent a girl of getting an education? Shannon was faced with more humiliation and threats than the boys in the school could ever imagine. Then, as they turned back to the house, they saw that across the white porch columns and along the siding of the house, the words, â€Å"Bitch,† â€Å"Dyke,† â€Å"Whore,† and â€Å"Lesbo† (Faludi 94). The Citadel Cadets were criticizing Shannon Faulkner because she wanted to be accepted. It just so happens that all the terms they used all categorized her as a man. Shannon could speak, act and dress like a man but no matter what she will never be able to be fully accepted beca use in their minds only a man a true man is suited for the school. The controversy at the Citadel is a sad but eye opening example of how our society is. Society puts them in a mindset where only one way is the right way. If society can open up their brains to more opportunities than a lot of problems would be alleviated. Malcom Gladwell poses the reasoning of the Citadels problems with the idea of the Power of Context. There is so much that goes on in a situation that it should never be that easy to give an answer. The situation at the Citadel is un-fair and wrong. Women are just as smart and important as men and should have the same rules. But in that argument, if you want to be treated the same, you can’t complain.

Papa Johns Term Paper

Subject: Term Paper: Papa John’s Papa John’s International HISTORY OF COMPANY: Papa Johns was founded by John Schnatter. John worked at a local pizza pub in Jeffersonville, Indiana when he was in High School. While he was working there, he realized that there was something missing from the national pizza chains which was a superior-quality traditional pizza delivered right to the customer’s door. His dream was to one day open a pizza restaurant that would fill that void.In 1983, John Schnatter delivered his last campus pizza, picked up his business degree from Ball State University, and went back to Jeffersonville, Indiana. There, at age 22, he knocked down the broom closet in his father's tavern (Mick's Lounge); sold his prized 1971 Z28 Camaro, purchased $1,600 worth of used restaurant equipment, and began delivering pizzas out of the back of the bar. Papa John's opened its first pizza restaurant in 1984. (2) CORPORATE INFORMATION: Papa John’s Pizza Corpo rate Office is located at 2002 Papa John’s Boulevard, Louisville, KY 40299.Their phone number is (502)261-7272. The CEO is Nigel Travis, the COO is Jude Thompson, and the CFO is David Flanery. (1) STOCK MARKET INFORMATION: Papa John’s is under NASDAQ stock market and their symbol is PZZA. As of April 12, 2010, their Stock market price was $27. 88. Their stock prices are down -. 84. (6) COMPANY’S REPUTATION: Papa John's is the recognized quality leader of the pizza category and is the world's third largest pizza company. For nine of the last ten years, consumers have rated Papa John's No. in customer satisfaction among all national pizza chains in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). Papa John's also was honored by Restaurants ; Institutions Magazine (R;I) with the 2009 Gold Award for Consumers' Choice in Chains in the pizza segment. In 2006, for the third consecutive year consumers have honored Papa John's (NASDAQ: PZZA) with the top rating among nat ional pizza delivery and take-out chains in the prestigious Restaurants ; Institutions' Consumers' Choice in Chains Survey.Papa John's, which earned its best overall score ever, outdistanced the next closest national take-out and delivery chain by a record margin of almost six points. Restaurants and Institutions' 2006 Consumers' Choice in Chains Survey National Pizza Delivery and Take-Out Chains ———————————————————————- Overall Score Atmosphere Cleanliness Convenience ——————— ————- ———- ———– ———– Papa John's 52. 31% 44% 52% ——————— ————- ———- ———– à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Pizza Hut 46. 8 34 40 49 ——————— ————- ———- ———– ———– Little Caesars 44. 9 24 34 53 ——————— ————- ———- ———– ———– Domino's Pizza 43. 3 24 36 51 ———————————————————————-Food Quality Good Reputation Menu Variety Service Value ————– ———— ————— ———— ——- —– Papa John's 66% 64% 48% 50% 49% ————– ——à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ ————— ———— ——- —– Pizza Hut 58 58 46 43 40 ————– ———— ————— ———— ——- —– Little Caesars 44 42 30 37 69 ————– ———— ————— ———— ——- —– Domino's Pizza 47 50 37 43 46 ———————————————————————- †¢For nine consecutive years (1999 – 2008), Papa John's has been rated number one n customer satisfaction among all national pizza chains in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) released by the National Quality R esearch Center at the University of Michigan Business School. †¢Top rated national pizza delivery and take-out chain in Restaurants & Institutions' Consumers Choice in Chains Survey seven out of the last nine years (1998 – 2000, 2002 and 2004 – 2006). †¢Pizzamarketplace. com 2006 Pizza Chain of the Year †¢Voted ‘Best Pizza' in more than 50 U. S. markets over the last several years, including in Los Angeles, Washington D. C. , Atlanta, Dallas, Indianapolis, Orlando, Knoxville and Phoenix. †¢Highest rated national pizza delivery and take-out chain in RealPeopleRatings. com, an online quarterly rating site. Tied for first as the highest rated national pizza chain in the 2007 Zagat/Today Show Fast Food Survey. †¢Silver winner of the 2006 Brandweek Customer Loyalty Award in the pizza category. †¢Named Delivery Operator of the Year among pizza chains in the United Kingdom by the Pizza and Pasta Association (2005 – 2006). CHIEF COMPE TITORS: Papa John’s top chief competitors are Domino’s, Little Caesar’s, and Pizza Hut. FINANCIAL POSITION OF COMPANY (PAST AND PRESENT): †¢Fourth quarter earnings per diluted share of $0. 49 in 2009 vs. $0. 46 in 2008 and full-year earnings per diluted share of $2. 06 in 2009 vs. $1. 30 in 2008 †¢Fourth quarter earnings per diluted share, excluding noted items, were $0. 41 in 2009 vs. $0. 8 in 2008 and full-year earnings per diluted share, excluding noted items, were $1. 50 in 2009 vs. $1. 68 in 2008 †¢Domestic system-wide comparable sales decreased 0. 5% for the quarter and were even for the year †¢International franchise system sales increased 18% for the quarter (13% excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange rates) and 14% for the year (24% excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange rates) †¢11 net Papa John's worldwide unit openings during the quarter and 89 net openings during the year †¢Earnings guidance for 20 10 reaffirmed at a range of $1. 70 to $1. 90 per diluted share, excluding the impact of consolidating BIBPPapa John's International, Inc. (NASDAQ: PZZA) today announced revenues of $280. 5 million for the fourth quarter of 2009, compared to revenues of $279. 6 million in 2008. Net income for the fourth quarter of 2009 was $13. 7 million, or $0. 49 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $1. 3 million, or $0. 05 per diluted share, from the consolidation of the results of the franchisee-owned cheese purchasing company, BIBP Commodities, Inc. (â€Å"BIBP†), a variable interest entity, and a gain of $1. 0 million, or $0. 03 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain income tax issues), compared to 2008 fourth quarter net income of $12. 8 million, or $0. 6 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $600,000, or $0. 02 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP, a gain of $1. 2 million, or $0. 04 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain inc ome tax issues and an after-tax charge of $2. 2 million, or $0. 08 per diluted share, related to restaurant impairment and disposition losses). Consolidated revenues for 2009 were $1. 11 billion, representing a decrease of 2. 3% from revenues of $1. 13 billion for 2008. Net income for 2009 was $57. 5 million, or $2. 06 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $14. 6 million, or $0. 52 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP and a gain of $1. 0 million, or $0. 4 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain income tax issues), compared to net income of $36. 8 million, or $1. 30 per diluted share, for 2008 (including a net loss of $6. 9 million, or $0. 24 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP, a gain of $1. 7 million or $0. 06 per diluted share from the finalization of certain income tax issues and an after-tax charge of $5. 5 million, or $0. 20 per diluted share, related to restaurant impairment and disposition losses). FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES: Cur rently Papa John’s has a 2010 U. S. Development Incentive Program for franchise opportunities. This program currently offers: †¢NO FRANCHISE FEE; A REDUCED ROYALTY RATE FOR THE FIRST 12 MONTHS FOR ON-TIME RESTAURANT OPENINGS, INCLUDING A 0% ROYALTY RATE FOR RESTAURANTS OPENED BY JUNE 2010; †¢A FREE â€Å"WOW OVEN† SET (UP TO $32,000 VALUE); AND †¢A CREDIT ON FOOD PURCHASES OF UP TO $3,000. If you do not qualify for the 2010 U. S. Development Incentive Program then these are the regular franchise requirements and fees: †¢Minimum of $50,000 in cash or liquid assets; †¢Minimum net worth of $150,000; and †¢Ability to obtain financing up to $200,000. Additional franchisee qualifications and requirements include: †¢The prospective franchisee should have at least one partner with a successful business management background and one partner who qualifies as the Principal Operator. For single-unit development, an individual can apply to be both owner and Principal Operator. The Principal Operator must have prior general management experience relative to the number of units to be developed and must own or have the right to acquire at least 5% equity in the business within 12 months of hire date. †¢A fully completed Request for Consideration Form and current resume must be submitted for each member of the proposed franchise group or the owner operator, including the proposed Principal Operator. Also, Papa John's will request supporting documentation from each proposed owner. Franchise Fees †¢The initial franchise fee is $25,000 per restaurant. ** Waived for 2010 †¢An ongoing royalty fee of 5% of net sales is due on a monthly basis. * Reduced for 2010 †¢Papa John's requires that a minimum of 7% of net monthly sales be spent by each franchisee for marketing purposes*, as follows: 2. 94% on national fund; and 4. 06% on co-op and/or local marketing initiatives. Also, $9,000 must be spent on grand opening adv ertising for each of the first two restaurants. Papa John's Franchise Offering Circular includes more detailed information regarding marketing and advertising fees. FUTURE PLANS: In an effort to further enhance its pan-India presence, the US-based delivery pizza restaurant chain, Papa John's is planning to open 10 more Papa John's outlets by the end of current quarter (April-June 2010). BIBLIOGRAPHY (1)Chris Sternberg: Papa John's International, Inc. (April 29, 2010).Papa John's Names Jude Thompson Co-CEO along with Founder and Chairman John Schnatter. http://ir. papajohns. com/releasedetail. cfm? ReleaseID=464972 (2)Papa John’s International. (2010). Retrieved April 18, 2010, from http://company. papajohns. com/about/pj_story. shtm (3)Franchise opportunities. (2010). Retrieved April 13, 2010, from, http://company. papajohns. com/franchise_opps/index. shtm (4)Financial overview. (2010). Retrieved on April 18, 2010, from, http://ir. papajohns. com/ (5)Financial information. (2 010). Retrieved on April 21, 2010, from, http://ir. papajohns. com/financials. cfm (6)Stock information. (2010). Retrieved on April 12, 2010, from, http://ir. papajohns. com/stockquote. cfm

Attitudes towards mental illness Essays

Attitudes towards mental illness Essays Attitudes towards mental illness Essay Attitudes towards mental illness Essay Introduction 1.1 Background The term mental unwellness is used to explicate the broad scope of the province of a person’s mental and emotional conditions. The World Health Organisation’s International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-10 ) defines mental upset as a general term which implies the being of a clinically recognizable set of symptoms or behavior associated †¦ with †¦ intervention with personal functions ( ICD-10: 5 ) . DSM IV narrates a clinically important behavioral or psychological syndrome or form that occurs in an person and that is associated with present hurt †¦ or disablement †¦ or with a significantly increased hazard of enduring decease, hurting, disablement, or an of import loss of freedom †¦ ( APA 2000 ) . Harmonizing to the Indian Mental Health Act 1987, mentally sick individual is a individual who is in demand of intervention for any mental upset other than mental retardation ( Mental Health Act 1987 ) does non give a clear image of mental unwellne ss. The recent Mental wellness attention measure 2013 gives the undermentioned definition of mental unwellness †¦means a significant upset of thought, temper, perceptual experience, orientation or memory that grossly impairs judgement, behavior, capacity to recognize world or ability to run into the ordinary demands of life, mental conditions associated with the maltreatment of intoxicant and drugs, but does non include mental deceleration which is a status of arrested or uncomplete development of the head of a individual, particularly characterised by sub-normality of intelligence ( Mental Health Care Bill 2013 ) . Mental unwellnesss are experienced otherwise by different people. The clip, type, strength and continuance of symptoms all vary from individual to individual. The common signifiers of mental unwellness found among the populations are psychotic and temper upsets like, schizophrenic disorder, anxiousness upsets and bipolar upsets ( Malvarez 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the study of the universe wellness organisation ( 2011 ) the major subscriber of the planetary load of diseases are mental upsets ( 12 % ) which is an estimated 45 crores. It is estimated that by the twelvemonth 2020 15 per centum of the Disability-Adjusted Life-Years ( DALYs ) would be due to mental and behaviour upsets. Harmonizing to universe wellness organisation 2001 study, there were 150 million people who suffered from depression, twenty five million from schizophrenic disorder 30 eight million with epilepsy, ninety million with intoxicant or drug usage upset ; and about one million committed self-destructions every twelvemonth and five to ten million effort to perpetrate self-destruction every twelvemonth ( Malvarez 2008 ) . There have been many surveies and researches, which show that the prevalence of major psychiatric upsets is about the same all over the universe. Unfortunately, merely a little minority of the sick persons are adequately cared for ( Akshdee p Singh 2007 ; Kisely et Al 2007 ) . Even though mental wellness jobs prevail in every community all over the universe, mental unwellnesss are associated with figure of myths and false beliefs. For illustration, in rural countries of India, people still believe that mental unwellness is caused by assorted factors like defects of earlier birth, enchantments from Gods, traveling against a tabu or usage, problems in societal dealingss, dissatisfaction of hereditary liquors, spirit or diabolic ownership, evil plotting, evil oculus, black thaumaturgy, natural causes, and affliction by God or Gods ( Raguram et al 1996 ) . The intervention carried out by traditional therapists or household members by and large are, chaining up the mentally sick, intoning enchantments, or crushing them to coerce the liquors out. Although there is a alteration in the above said outlook of the multitudes, it is really much subtle, stiff and non really progressive ( Magnier Mark 2013 ) . In add-on, the prevalence of societal stigma of the society towards mental unwellness makes the patients’ conditions worse. Despite medical and scientific progresss in mental wellness attention, stigma toward mental unwellness is prevailing. General public frequently separate and separate the individuals with mental unwellness from the remainder with the stereo typed outlook that they are unsafe ( Corrigan 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Lyons A ; Mc Loughlin ( 2001 ) media plays an of import function in showing individuals with mentally ailments are unsafe and violent. Films, telecasting and other literary plants portray them as violent. Attitudes toward people with mentally sick are by and large negative and discriminatory ( Murray A ; Lopez 1996 ; Link A ; Phelan 2001 ) . This stereotype outlook towards the patients prevails as they are weak or unsafe ; accordingly their state of affairss continue to be as subhuman. They are vulnerable and victims of force. This societal buildin g of stigma leads them to isolation, deficiency of societal support, and farther psychological hurt ( Galvan et al 2008 ) . Peoples with mental unwellness have been ever looked down since long back in any community, and is characterized as terrorization, black, fanciful, feigned, incurable, unsafe, unpredictable, untrusty, unstable, lazy, weak, worthless, and helpless in the community ( Raguram et al 1996 ; Pescosolido 2013 ) . Attitudes towards mental unwellness among the general popula ­tion is been identified as one of the major hindering block for the persons with mental unwellness to retrieve and populate in their communities. In malice of a figure of programmes there has been no much betterment in the attitude of the populace. The stereotyped and stigmatising attitudes increase the exposure and disablement among the mentally ill. A figure of surveies prove that such attitudes are a barrier for a sick person to entree for appropriate attention ( Arvaniti et al 2009 ) . There are assorted theoretical concepts and theoretical accounts that have been applied to explicate attitudes towards mental unwellness. For case, the theories like labelling theory, ascription theory, lay theories, societal cognitive theory, societal individuality theory, theory of societal stigma etc. are outstanding and give some footing ( Cuomo Diana and Ronacher Alex 1998 ; Zwickert Kristy and Rieger Elizabeth 2013 ; Furnham Adrian and Telford Kate 2012 ; Weiner, B. 1988 ; Pescosolido, A. Bernice 2013 ) . Of peculiar involvement to attitudes towards mental unwellness are the theories of labelling and societal stigma. The theory proposes that the attitudes and beliefs about mental unwellness in cultural context do act upon favoritism and bias towards people with mental unwellness ( Link et al 1989 ) . Therefore, it is of import to understand about people’s attitude towards mentally ill. 1.2 The statement of the job Mental unwellness is frequently a ignored issue in India, and is mute off or unrecognised as a medical status ( Weiss 2001 ) . The available comfortss for the mentally sick are overcrowded, underfunded, and located far and broad ( Chatterjee A ; Chatterjee 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the Indian Psychiatrists Society there are merely around 5000 mental wellness professionals in India. It is estimated that one in every five individuals in India has mental unwellness. One should non bury the fact that India has a population over 1.2 billion. Harmonizing to the WHO, India spends 0.06 % of their wellness budgets in mental wellness ( Mental Health Atlas 2011 ) . Harmonizing to the information available there are two crore Indians enduring from mental unwellnesss. Whereas there are merely 0.2 head-shrinkers per 100000, 0.05 psychiatric nurses per 100000 and 0.02 psychologists per 100000 to handle them ( Mental Health in India an over position 2006 ) . The authorities infirmaries face an acute deficit of professional forces. Harmonizing to the information available there are two crore Indians enduring from mental unwellnesss. Whereas there are merely 0.2 head-shrinkers per 100000, 0.05 psychiatric nurses per 100000 and 0.02 psychologists per 100000 to handle them ( Mental Health in India an over position 2006 ) . It is the authorities sector caters to the demand of the hapless and the underprivileged. The authorities infirmaries face an acute deficit of professional forces. The below tabular array will demo the national service capacity of handling mentally ill in establishments. Table 1.1: Psychiatric Facilities per population Physical capacity Beds Per population Percentage Psychiatric beds 10 000 0.25 Psychiatric beds in mental infirmaries 10 000 0.2 Psychiatric beds in general infirmaries 10 000 0.05 Psychiatric beds in other scenes per 10 000 0.01 Forces Number of head-shrinkers 100 000 0.4 Number of psychiatric nurses 100 000 0.04 Number of psychologists 100 000 0.02 Number of societal workers 100 000 0.02 Hospitals bed capacity Number of Mental infirmaries 20000 43 Beginning: WHO state profile India 2001 Harmonizing to the WHO atlas study ( 2011 ) on mental wellness position of Indian scenario, the mental wellness position in India is really alarming. And the sad portion of it is that most mental wellness professionals are based in metropoliss or private urban infirmaries. As all are cognizant that the authorities sector face an acute deficit in general medical specialty, it would be better to be rather about psychopathology in India ( Indian Psychiatrists Society ) . 1.2.1 Community mental wellness attention in India Looking at this complex and the heavy load of mental unwellness in the community and unequal mental wellness attention substructure in our state, the Government of India had launched the National Mental Health Programme ( NMHP ) in 1982 ( Sinha and Kaur 2011 ) . This programme is now designed for all territories and renamed as District Mental Health Programme ( DMHP ) and anticipating to cover all the territories of India by 2017. Although there are many defects of this programme, one of the success factors of these is the engagement of non-specialists and engagement of the community in Mental Health Services through short term preparations ( Jain 2011 ) . World wellness study ( 2006 ) focused attending on human resources for a successful wellness attention system and it highlighted the turning human resource crisis. Scarcity of the skilled wellness professionals is identified as a cardinal facet of the turning human resource crisis ( WHO 2006 ) . One of the schemes proposed by the World wellness study is task-shifting . It is in the context of undertaking switching – that utilizing of community voluntaries to render certain basic wellness services in their communities to make full the spread ( JLI 2004 ; WHO 2006 ) . Community wellness voluntaries are indispensible and effectual in transporting out community mental wellness programmes in many states. A papers of WHO ( 2010 ) named Best patterns: Mental wellness service development’ produced by WHO proposes that voluntaries are an built-in portion of rehabilitation of the mentally sick in many states. 1.2.2 Mental wellness NGOs/Organization The scarceness of intervention installations and mental wellness professionals in the Government sector has widened the intervention spread in mental wellness. Non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have played a important function in the past assisting span this spread. They created low cost replicable theoretical accounts of attention. There are several non- governmental organisations like SCARF, SNEHA, BANYAN, MIND Foundation, Mental Health Action Trust, Basic Needs are few of them. The Mental Health NGOs are involved both in rural and urban countries working towards the built-in development of the individuals with mentally sick. Many NGOs work on child mental wellness, schizophrenic disorder, substance maltreatment, dementedness etc. In turn toing these issues holistically they have included activities such as bio medical intervention and psycho societal rehabilitation, All these were possible through the engagement of professionals and non- professionals- voluntaries. It is her e we look into the function of voluntary in mental wellness attention. The dictionary significance of a voluntary is A individual who freely offers to take portion in an endeavor or set about a task. Volunteering refers to any activity that involves disbursement clip, unpaid, making something that aims to profit the environment or person ( persons or groups ) other than, or in add-on to, close relatives’ ( Smith 1998 ) . Volunteering has been a portion of most societies throughout human history’ ( Hodgkinson 2003 ) . The giving of clip and energy by voluntaries make a difference to the lives of persons, communities and all kinds of related issues. We know that without the clip, attempt and activity of voluntaries it is hard to pull off the lives in community. It has relevancy in the society. It is a fact that voluntaries help to work out societal and community jobs, construct society and by forming citizens in groups help to turn to societal wrongs, alteration of policies, and better the quality of life of communities and states. ( Rochest er, Colin 2006 ) in the context of mental wellness attention mental wellness voluntaries are members of the populace who deliberately seek out contact with and supply attention to persons with a mental unwellness ( Hallett et al 2012 ) . Community mental wellness programme is comprised of head-shrinkers, psychologists, nurses and societal workers. But there is an of import group of people who are polar in community mental wellness activities ; they are the community members or mental wellness voluntaries. They function as the nexus between patients and mental wellness professionals. As negative attitudes and beliefs proved to hold negative influences ( Link et al 1989 ) , it is of import to analyze the attitudes of the voluntary group. Particular attending has been missing towards mental wellness voluntaries, though they are indispensible and an of import constituent in mental health care. A survey that measures attitudes will assist in bordering policies and educational programmes for cut downing negative attitudes, and advancing positive mental health care, therefore higher occupation satisfaction ( Luthans et al 2008 ) .