Sport In The Construction Of Masculinity

pleasure In The Construction Of MasculinityGender studies is an interdisciplinary study which indueigate diametric aspects of sexuality. Sport is one of the aspects that exploreers in these years be trying to break in a gender perspective. It is believed that frolic is socially conditioned found on many researches. This essay will examine versionswoman bring to the plait of maleness by several ways, they ar gender stratification in tradition, homophobia in diversion, play as staminate bonding rite, sloping opportunities towards men and media influence. Further examples and elaborations will follow in each drive to demonstrate sport is indeed a social constitution constructing maleness.Sport has long been instituted as male dominated and masculine in taste by a couple of reasons. First, the historical gender stratification end-to-end a century has established that sport is an installation constructing masculinity. We argon vivification in a patriarchal co mpany that male ar unendingly in superior status than female, from economic status to daily life. The society has embedded a concept that the role of women is to give birth and their lone(prenominal) obligation is to take care of children. But in 20th century, women are no longer highly dependent on men, as more than and more women have become labours in the market. It has shortened the distance amongst two sexes, but obviously gender inequality gutter non be eliminated so easily. Bilrell and Cole (1990) have mentioned that superiority of physical fitness is the key work out of winning in sport, and sport is the main causeivities emphasis on the cozy differentiation. Since sport emphasizes a lot on strength and bravery, male are purpose to perform well innately than women (Klein 1990). As a result, the male participating rate in sport in general is high than women. It is no wonder that Zane Grey (1992) in his book wrote All boys get it on baseball. If they dont theyre no t real boys. This concept was passed on from generation to generation and at last sport becomes a site constructing masculinity.Second, homophobia is another factor constructing masculinity in sport. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, sport has somehow developed into a male hegemonic activity. Male who does not participate in sports are not regarded as real man, and female participating in sports are persuasion to be manlike. They may, therefore, be treated as homosexuals. In fact, in the traditionalistic socialization process, men in the early age had l pee-peet that male who does not perform in manly way may see as homosexual (Messner 1992). Athletics, no matter male or female, may some metres make apparent or even exaggerated movement to prove their masculinity and femininity, just because they are afraid of people confusing their gender identity. Ordinarily, males characteristics are tough, aggressive, competitive, physically strong, whereas women head for the hills to show attractive appearance, to do adjust and wearing feminine clo intimacy. The traditional association of physical strength, power and strenuosity with masculinity causes many people to question the sexuality of women athletes. Former lawn tennis star Chris Evert paid great attention to whether or not she acted like a char in the court, and almost the end of her tennis career she finally willing to admit that she is an athlete (Woolum 1998). Though she is a tennis player, she tried to act like a woman so as to maintain her feminine image. When Evert evaluated on her early demonstrate of career, she said she never feel like an athlete, she was just a person playing tennis (Woolum 1998). She would like to be a complete woman such as having nail polish and wearing fancy hairsbreadth band, rather than a freak in others eyes. From this example, we have seen that sport is thought to be male-oriented. Since female athletes challenge traditional notions of femininity and their abil ities are seen as stereotypically masculine, female athletes are always contending with homophobia so that they will not be labelled as lesbian. It, in term of enlistments, lessens females willingness to participate in sport. As for men, they tend to participating in sport in order to show their human race and avoid categorized as gay. It is, therefore, understandable that sports is a site for the bod of masculinity because of its nature of male-oriented.Third, sports play an important role in masculinity because sport is constructed as male bonding ritual. Similar to fraternity and military, sport back ups young boys making connections in their life (Fine 2000). As we all know, sport focuses a lot of competitiveness and aggression, or sometimes, even involves physical take on and collision in between athletes. These are the elements that enable the notion of masculinity and the hegemonic ideal to construct a boy into a real man. Burstyn (1999) believed that sport provided the kind of rituals of conquest and aggression that men with a weak whizz of masculinity needed to symbolize, to make physical and palpable, the difference between a mans man and a mamas boy , which means sport is succeeded in socializing boys into manhood despite the absence of the family father (Burstyn 1999). Here we realize that sport is in fact served as an embodied ritual of confirming and strengthen mens gender identity. Even if some children may live in single-parent families, they are still able to achieve manliness as sport can be a replacement of father for them to obtain masculinity. All men can group together to retain their manhood and to reassert their gender privilege via sport. Thus, we can conclude that sport is a bonding ritual for men to construct their masculinity.In addition, biased opportunity towards men is a way to gradually construct masculinity in sport. Traditionally we are told that girls are only suitable for activities which are related to the aesthetic attitude of sports such as ice cheerleading and skating. Females are not recommended to engage in high physical contact activities such as rugby, boxing and soccer. In the schooling stage, gender socialization and gender typing shaped teenagers how they should act based on their gender. Plausibly, self-fulfilling prophecy has occurred and these norms have shaped individuals behavior, which in turn shapes future expectations. This cycle has shaped our society into a male victory culture, and sport is an embodiment of this notion. The opportununties bias can be seen particularly in the professional ranks. Womens sport would never be at the top of the pirority when duty companies looking to use sports to market their product (Person 2009). They concerned with earning cash from the advertsing and they believed that the money return will not be as much if they invest in womens sport (Person 2009). The average salary can obviously level the inequality of opportunities within two sexe s, men are able to earn 4 millions in average whereas women can only earn just about 1.4% of men, around $55,000 in average. Without social and economical motivation, girls devote less time to the sport. As a result, sport become male domain and a site for constrcuting masculinity.Finally, media influence is a factor contributing to the masculine construction in sport. The Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles has done a research (Wilson 1999) claiming that over 90% of American teenagers consume sports media. Since sports are mostly dominated by men, from the athletes and coaches to the commentators and reporters, media is definitely influential enough to transmit ideas about masculinity and maleness. And when it comes to reporting sport news, the newsworthiness is the main point reporters are pore on. Mens sport is generally believed to have more attention and enthusiasm from the public, compared with womens sport. sometimes after a match has finished, reporters are able to immediately oppugn male athletes in the changing room, it is, however, impossible to do the same thing on women. It is, therefore, clear that there are lots of bias and limitations on sports media which ultimately contribute to the construction of masculinity in our society.In conclusion, sport was demonstrated as being a dominant social institution which naturalized mens power and privilege over women. It has marginalized and trivialized female athletes, which sequentially help reproducing the ideological of masculinity in sport.

A Look At Islamic Terrorism

A Look At Muslim terrorist act entre in that location ar differing opinions with regards to Islamic terrorism with the to the highest degree fundamental of them ara the role played by spiritual tactile sensations to motivate terrorist organizations. Are the beliefs in Islamic teachings the grounds for terrorist actions or do terrorist groups manipulate phantasmal beliefs to warrant terrorist acts? There are m some(prenominal) scholars who claim that the teachings of Islam inspire terrorist acts. In this hold I will non venture to lease this aspect and set my study to how terrorists are able to manipulate religion to justify their cruel acts. I will essay to find answer to the question, how is Islam creation use by terrorist organizations to discover semi semi governmental ends?SCOPEI will study the subject under the heads given below.(a) Why are the teachings of Islam be misshapen?(b) How are the teachings of Islam being misrepresented?(c) jihad and suicide t errorism.(d) My Jammu and Kashmir experience.WHY are THE TEACHINGS OF ISLAM BEING MISREPRESENTED?RELIGION MEANS TO GARNER PUBLIC SUPPORT. in advance I deliberate on how teachings of Islam are being sieveed by the terrorist groups it would be pertinent to understand the interplay of the marks of these terrorist organizations and Islam. It is fundamental to study terrorist goals be establish goals shape the schema and tactics of the groups and study of interplay between goals and religion will give an catch as to why and how these groups manipulate the teachings of Islam.(a) AL QAEDA. Al Qaedas stated goal is to end American military presence in Middle einsteinium and Arabian Peninsula, stop US reen mashment for Israel and overthrow infidel regimens.(b) build up ISLAMIC GROUP (GIA). GIA is an Algerian group which aims to overthrow the Algerian regime and replace it with Islamic State.(c) EGYPTIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD. Its goals are to overthrow the Egyptian government and to make Egypt an Islamic state and it as well as has close to anti Western and anti US interests.(d) HARKAT-UL-MUJAHIDIN (HUM), JAISH-E-MOHAMMED (JEM), LASHKAR-E-TAYYAIBA (LeT). These are Pakistani groups with say goal of uniting Kashmir with Islamic Re populace of Pakistan.I charter listed a couple of(prenominal) of the Islamist terrorist groups operating in various parts of the world to give an topic of the kind of goals that these groups reserve identified for themselves. Deeper study of Al Qaedas aim will reveal a dream of an Islamic caliphate extending from Europe to S bug outh tocopherol Asia. Ayatollah Khomeini has a vision of wide Shia crescent of wiz Iran linking Iraq and Lebanon. The preceding(prenominal) is implicative of the political ambitions of these terrorist groups and the new world order which they aim to achieve by juxtaposing religion with their stated objectives. In order to achieve their goals terrorist groups need prevalent sustentation and sympathy. In the Islamic world religion has great do work on individual and society at large. The terrorists aim to garner financial backing of this constituency by influencing the thinking in the Islamic world that they are the get going bastion of puritanical Islam. They aim to pull together support for their political ambitions by manipulating public opinion using the vehicle of religion. They overly aim to gain support and sympathy of the Muslim ummah with their promise of regaining the lost jubilate of the Muslim civilization. An opposite important issue is that of the links between the terrorist groups. though some of these groups operate independently, however most of them induce developed linkages purge if the linkages are of ideology. Be throw of this, manipulation of the teachings of Islam by one group has impact on another(prenominal) groups, resulting in the way all of them shape their strategy and tactics. immediately we see mis definition of the teachings of Islam, with out exception, by all Islamist terrorist groups.RELIGION MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. Bruce H killman, former(prenominal) Director of the RAND Corporations Washington Office argues that, terrorists message is not necessarily sacred, save he is using religion to communicate it. He goes further to say, individual claiming affiliation with an ethnic group cannot expect to get a portion out of support beyond the limits of that ethnic group, precisely those claiming affiliation with a major religion create a much wider potential constituency. Thus terrorist groups hand over to leverage mosques as parley vehicles where in that location are captive audiences brisk to listen to their views. In the mosques, the terrorists are able to tailor their message to accommodate their goals, on that pointby exploiting religion for political purposes.We thus turn in terrorist groups misrepresenting the teachings of Islam. First, to gain public support for their cause then, use the religion to communicate with the alike(p) tidy sum to further their cause.HOW ARE THE TEACHINGS OF ISLAM BEING MISREPRESENTED?The opinion of the scholars is divided regarding how Islam is being manipulated by terrorist organizations to achieve political ends. There are scholars on some(prenominal) sides of the divide who have strong views on the subject. Bernard Lewis of Princeton University, USA believes that Islam does not pass of terrorism. He argues that on that point is no evidence of terrorism in the teachings and traditions of Islam. On the other hand, Osama bin Laden quotes extensively from Quran and comprises verses from the holy discussion to justify many of his actions. fit in to Bill Warner, Director of meaning for cartoon of Political Islam (CSPI), USA, Islamic texts have been made difficult to understand and comprehend. As per his study, more or less 61% of the contents of Koran are found to spill the beans ill of unbelievers or call for their violent conquest1and abo ut 75% of Muhammads biography (Sira) consists of jehad waged on unbelievers2. However, there are many Muslim scholars who do not agree with his work.IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENEMIES. The terrorist groups operating around the world can be divided into two categories, the secular and the groups which draw passion from ghostlike teachings. Secular groups have been incite by secular agendas of Vladimir Lenin, Che Guevara, monoamine oxidase Zedong and so on while there are groups who draw zeal from teachings of people like Muslim Brotherhood theoretician Sayyid Qutb, Palestinian theologizer Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Iranian ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. One important difference between the two groups is in the way they identify their enemies. For the secular terrorist groups the enemies are the members of the governmental setup or certain social economic order. For the Islamic terrorists it has much wider connotation. Different terrorist groups have different ways and means to identify th eir enemies. For example Sayyid Qutb, who is considered to have influenced the ideology of many terrorist groups including Al Qaeda says, the way to bring about freedom to Muslims is to force, jahiliyyah or pre Islamic ignorance is through with(predicate) preaching and through physical force play and jihad against organization and authority of jahil system3. These kinds of beliefs are open to interpretation and to fol start outs of Sayyid Qutb they have justification of his cause of Islamic teachings to enforce their belief counterbalance by the use of force. This leaves room for distortion of Islamic teachings. We have seen that on many instances ideologues of terrorist groups have make out with their interpretation of religious scriptures to suit organisational political agendas.The way terrorist groups identify their enemies has to be seen in the lightsome of the stated goals. My understanding is that though the terrorist groups have a loose union but they aim to establi sh a Pan Islamic Caliphate. To achieve their ambitions the terrorist groups are trying to ensure that not nevertheless individuals but the states and the administrative machinery of the jahil system are brought to submission to their understanding of Islam. Today Islamic Terrorism is a worldwide phenomenon.How are these groups able to justify their terrorist acts to the teachings of Islam even when their acts cause casualties to innocent civilians including Muslims?JUSTIFICATION FOR KILLING OF CIVILIANS. Quran and the teachings of Islam have laid rout code of conduct regarding the laws of war and the definition of combatants and non-combatants. Off late, certain terrorist groups have broadened the definition of combatants to hold all civilians living in infidel lands. The ideologues of the terrorist groups have proposed their interpretations of laws of war whereby such civilians are being perceived in the same way as soldiers fighting on the battlefield. Such a localization enda ngers the alerts of innocent civilians including women and children and denies them the protection under Islam from a religious perspective. On 28 June 2002, 28 scholars from the Al-Azhar Institute in Egypt determined that in conducting jihad there is no need to make any distinction between soldiers and civilians. In April 2002, Sheikh Hamed al-Ali, a lecturer on Islamic culture in Kuwait and one of the leaders of the extreme Salafi stream, clarified in a religious ruling the circumstances in which it is permitted to kill civilians in the cause of jihad without violating the Prophet Muhammads command prohibiting the murder of women and children.4It is not as if there are no counter arguments from respectable scholars to such edicts, but the terrorist groups reckon to ignore everything that can thwart the fulfilment of their aims.JUSTIFICATION FOR KILLING MUSLIMS. In the world today, there are many Muslim majority countries impact by terrorism. In fact, a large percentage of casu alties due to terrorist actions are Muslims. Certainly Islam does not preach Muslims should kill Muslims to advance the cause of the religion. So how do these terrorists justify the killing of Muslims?It would be worthwhile to make a comparison between the targets and modus operandi of secular terrorists and Islamic terrorists. The IRA in the mid-nineties issued warnings, disrupted public transport system and bombed downtown areas on sunlight mornings. This is in contrast to Al Qaeda which bombed the World Trade Centre towers, carries out bombings in crowded market places, suicide bombings in mosques penetrative quite well there will be sizable Muslim population. Bin Laden and the likes of him are reservation distinction between mature and bad Muslims and misinterpret the teachings of the religion. The secular terrorist groups may still have some disinclination to cause casualty to members of their own racial or ethnic groups but some of the religious oriented terrorist groups d o not demo any such compunction. Anybody who opposes the political ambitions of these groups is their enemy, including Muslims. One of Sayyid Qutbs idea identifies who is a real Muslim and who is not, thereby making many of them as apostates and giving jihadists a legal loophole around the prohibition of killing another Muslim, and also making it a religious obligation to execute the self-professed Muslim. These alleged apostates also include leaders of Muslim countries, since they have failed to enforce Sharia law.5JIHAD AND self-annihilation TERRORISMI will now attempt to study how Islamist terrorist organizations are furthering their cause through misrepresenting the ideal of Jihad and through suicide terrorism.JIHAD. Jihad in Arabic is a noun meaning assay and in its common land usage means, striving in the way of Allah. Muslims use the word Jihad to describe three different kinds of shinny.(a) A believers internal struggle to live out the Muslim faith as well as possible .(b) The struggle to build a good Muslim society.(c) Holy war the struggle to defend Islam with force, if necessary6.This is how Prophet Mohammed probably wished Jihad to be. How did Saddam Hussain interpret Jihad? Just before the Gulf War Saddam had exist the joined States with Jihad. Daniel Pipes in his article in the New York Post of 31 Dec 2002 says it was, Saddams call for legal, compulsory, communal effort to expand the territories ruled by Muslims at the expense of territories ruled by non Muslim. This may be one extreme view but certainly there was no religious obligation for Muslims to answer his call. Saddam probably wished to play on the religious sentiments of the Muslims to perpetuate his regime against an imminent attack.Many of the terrorist groups perpetrate ferocity in the name of Jihad and many a times even without enunciating demands. There are numerous cases all over the world of bombs going off in market places and on trains which have puzzled authorities abou t the motives of these acts. There can be no religious justification for these acts. These acts are possibly committed due to terrorists personal grievances, cultural reasons or to commute the existing political order. Many scholars of Islamic write up argue that the c at one timept of Jihad is dynamic and has been constantly evolving. This has led to the modern day Jihadists to distort the master concept to help them achieve their aims including political aims. Kaisa Schreck, editor of the international Relations and Security Network (ISN) is of the view that, perceived decline of Islamic culture and power, coupled with oppression by secular dictators, gave rise to radical Islamist agenda in Sayyid Qutb which is centered on the concept of violent Jihad. The original concept of Jihad as enunciated by Prophet was distorted by the likes of Qutb who preached, human society had become tainted by a pre Islamic barbarism. Muslims who did not see this reality were ignorant non believer s and therefore legitimate targets in a holy battle. Modern day Jihad got a bonus in the 1980s when thousands of Jihadists were factory produced by the CIA and the ISI in madrassas of Pakistan using the Saudi-Arabian money. The Islamist guerrillas initially fought the Soviet army and today they fight everywhere from Philippines to Kashmir to Iraq and the United States. Theological credentials of the product of these madrassas, run under the patronage of any the intelligence agencies or by groups having pol religious ambitions, has never been a source of debate. The products of these madrassas are mercenaries who are fighting for political order in the name of Jihad and religion.SUICIDE TERRORISM. Study of suicide terrorism has throw up conflicting results. There is a school of thought for whom suicide terrorism has been sanctified by the Quranic verses and the Sunnah while for the other group, religious teachings have a minor role in suicide attacks carried out by Islamic terror ists. It is actually a means to achieve political aims. The studies carried out on the subject have thrown up evoke results with regards to education level, background and principle motivation for undertaking such attacks.According to Charles A Kimball, Department of Religion, Wake Forest University, USA there is only one verse in the Quran that contains a phrase associate to suicide, verse 429 of the Quran. It reads, O you who believe Do not consume your wealth in the wrong way earlier through trade mutually agreed to and do not kill yourself. for certain God is merciful towards you. Islam strictly prohibits suicide and murders. However, Al Qaeda, Hamas and some other terrorist organizations give religious sanctity to such acts. For many of the suicide terrorists calf 9 Ultimatum, Verse 111 from the Quran preaches the followers of the religion to undertake this venture. For these groups there is sufficient justification in the Quran which assures a place in paradise if a perso n dies advancing the cause of Islam. But the count question is, are the terrorist groups advancing the cause of Islam or some politico religious agenda?The other school of thought believes that there are multifarious reasons, other than religious, which motivates people to carry out suicide missions. For them there are Muslim youths in the West who feel a hotshot of discrimination and alienation because of cultural differences. Some of the Muslims are outraged by what they feel as injustice being meted out to Muslims in Iraq, Afghanistan and Palestine. For others it is pecuniary factor which is the cause of recruitment and still for others it could be revenge, ideology, tribal loyalties or the indoctrination carried out in the madrassas. According to Professor Dipak Gupta, San Diego State University the driving force behind terrorist actions tends to be the desire to be an important member of the group. So is suicide terrorism a case of leader inculcating a spirit of achievement in the terrorists and justifying the act in the name of Islam? Fahana Ali, international insurance policy analyst at the RAND Corporation says for, women jihadist collective identity is more important than the individual identity, and its members are willing to do anything for a charismatic leader. different reasons for these women to undertake terrorist activities could be revenge for lost husband or a close relative, gain respect of the other members of the group and in the society.From the above it is clear that the reasons for undertaking suicide terrorism are many. However, as seen precedent in the article terrorist groups try to misinterpret religion to garner support of the Muslim world for their acts and also recruit suicide terrorists. Cloak of pietism is provided to communicate with gullible section of the Muslim community and earn their support for their actions.RELIGIOUS INSPIRATION Vs STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONSDuring the course of my study I did come across arguments forwarded by many scholars who felt emphasizing strategic and political considerations for terrorist acts by Islamist groups and downplaying religious inspiration for terrorism was dangerous and inaccurate. Results of many studies on the subject have concluded that Islamic terrorist groups undertake terrorist acts for strategic and political considerations. Some of these studies suggest that politics and grievances (of Muslim community) are the cause of violence and religious rhetoric. It is also important to study reverse relationship that is, the possible action of religious teachings shaping political views. Prudence demands we should not be uninterested of such an idea however, the role of Islamic teachings in motivating terrorists organizations is a subject itself and is beyond the scope of the article.MY JAMMU AND KASHMIR (JK) EXPERIENCEIn my over 20 years of commissioned service I have been posted to JK on five occasions, of that four times for counter terrorist operation s. There were certain issues which stood in the face way back in 1993 and my views got reinforced over the years in my many interactions with terrorists, surrendered and apprehended, their sympathizers and the common man. Many of the terrorists and over ground workers I came across were non practicing and neither were their families very religious. These terrorists took on the faade of religiosity once they were indoctrinated or forced to join the terrorist groups. In my interactions with them I got a mind of what they passed on as religious knowledge was superficial understanding of Quran, other religious scriptures and practices. When some of them would quote scriptures they would display ignorance of real knowledge and the stage setting for what they were saying. The above strengthened my belief that these individuals became radical because of lack of knowledge of Islam rather than being knowledgeable about it. My understanding of terrorist groups, at least of the lower rung, i s that the groups do not have any kind of ideology even political. Religion is being manipulated to fill that void artificially. The common man in JK is politically discerning and awake to the ground realities of the sub continent. The terrorist groups are also alive to this aspect and are also aware that their demands are poor to attract wide following therefore it is a deliberate attempt on their part to shroud their political demands in the cloak of religiosity. other striking aspect of this story is the reason why individuals get motivated for the terrorists cause. In JK, in many of the cases it has been social cause besides friendship, kinship, camaraderie, aesthesis of adventure, easy money which has been a motivating factor rather than religious ideology and this is consistent with my arguments in the article.My interaction with some of the foreign terrorists also threw up similar interesting facets of terrorists training including ideological training. These terrorists we re indoctrinated with hate speeches, teach to cause destructions and to cause murder, but even they could not advance any convincing theological rationale for their acts. Perhaps their trainers are aware that ordinary bicycle Jihadists in Pakistan are also not well versed with the indepth understanding of Islamic teachings, hence the indoctrination of the terrorists by their handlers in Pakistan is intensely political. They play on the psyche of Muslims who are concerned with the plight of their Kashmiri brothers. They have been indoctrinated on the theme of humiliation and suffering of the Muslims at the hands of Hindus. For them Muslims are being oppressed and humiliated by non Muslims and the only way to defend the comply is through Jihad ensuring liberation of Kashmir and its merger with Pakistan. This heady concoction of fight for honor and political ambition offered on religious mantle is most effective.CONCLUSIONThe issue of Islamic terrorism has religious overtone but reli gion is not everything about Islamic terrorism. Islam does have a history of violence associated with it since its early days but then so do many other religions in the world. The aggression of the Islamist terrorist groups that we see today does issue in portions from misinterpreting the teachings of Islam and in part is the outcome of political ideas, hence it has to be defeated through teaching correct religious practices and by political tools. The strategy being followed by Government of India in JK viz political activism, pleasing hearts and minds of the people and military action against the terrorists coupled with keeping communication channels even with dissidents open is part of the approach to the problem of religious terrorism. A concerted effort has to be made to expose terrorist groups of the look in which they misrepresent Islam. More important aspect is to make citizens of the soil in general and Muslims in particular aware of the true religious practices and tea chings of Islam.

Economy Society And Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Economy Society And sustainable Development surroundingsal Sciences EssayCarter (2001) Sustainable study is an indeterminate plan with a importee that is complex and challenged. Dresner (200263) has argued that sustain dexterity is like other essential political ideas, such as liberty and justice, which argon contestable concepts. However, people may non see to it on the exact center, does not mean that there is no meaning at all. European Commission (EC) (20097) Sustainable ripening is a vestigial and all-embracing objective that aims to continuously improve the quality of life and eudaemonia for present and future generations, by linking environmental, frugal and hearty-political sustainability. Dunlap and Van Liere (1978) separateed the juvenile surroundingsal icon (NEP) master that is widely use to calculate peoples ever-changing humankind beliefs from a kind dominant view (Dominant Social simulacrum (DSP) Technocentric) to an eco sensible one NEP (Ecocentric ). Turner et al., 1996 prevail taken the technocentric, ecocentric viewpoints and have divide them into a broader division between technocentric and ecocentric approaches.Contested conceptThere are many concepts but the most widely used definition, taken from the globe Commission on Environmental and Development (WCED 1987 chapter 2) is that sustainable study is ripening that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This definition sets out the two spot concepts of needs and limitations. The concept of needs should give an overriding priority to the needs of the worlds poor, both North and South. The concept of limitations is the idea of limitations imposed by the state of engineering and sociable organization on the environments ability to meet present and future needs. Mainstream sustainable contrivement (Barrows, 1999) typically supports some frugal result (within limits), the appliance of science, technology, environmental association and effective conservation to world development. part still maintaining basic human needs for all, maintaining ecological integrity and showing concern for intergenerational, intergroup and interspecies equity. polity place settingMost analysts agree that sustainable development emerged from the environmental front end of the 1950s and 1960s. This movement was concerned about human activity having double-dyed(a) and negative impacts on the planet, and that patterns of growth and development would be unsustainable if they continued unchecked. As (John Stuart mill 1806 to 1873) said economic growth could only be fugitive in a world of scarce instinctive resources in which state constantly pressed for land and pabulum reserves.To understand how sustainable development came into public policy and to the forefront, it is important to be aware of the political context in which it operated. In 1972 at Stockholm crowd there had been a growing awareness of environmental problems associated with new global worries about humor change, ozone depletion and biodiversity loss. Sustainable development was given a broader meaning in Our common land Future which was published by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987), and is commonly referred to as the Brundtland Report.The direct result of the Brundtland Report was in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environmental and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro that is often called the Earth Summit. This meeting was to highlight global concerns about the environment and economic development and help find ways to stop the ravaging of irreplaceable natural resources and pollution of the planet. The UN General Assembly dedicated its nineteenth Special Session (UNGASS-19) in June 1997 to design a Programme for the and Implementation of Agenda 21 (United Nations, 2012).In 2002 Johannesburg a follow-up conference was, assembled to renew the global comm itment of the Rio Declaration. This World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) agreed on the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) to proceed with the instruction execution of sustainable development. The UN General Assembly agreed to adopt a root on 24th December 2009 to hold the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro 2012.Measures of ecological beliefsDunlap and Van Liere (1978) developed the revolutionary Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale, which is one of the most accepted measures of ecological beliefs and attitudes for evaluating peoples environmental attitudes. This scale is a widely used to calculate peoples changing world views from a human dominant view i.e. Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) to an ecological one i.e. NEP, where humans are part of nature. The DSP, positing is towards endless development, growth of the markets, acquiring ain wealth and these attitudes can contribute to environmental degradation. The DSP is therefore incompatible with the NEP because it highlights the destruction of ecosystems caused by progressive industrial production. The NEP has a in truth strong extrinsic value that is sceptical about human ability to understand the natural worlds sufficiently well to prevent doing serious revile to the environment if growth goes on.Dominant social paradigmThe dominant social paradigm (DSP) is more than prominent in Western industrial civilization. With the scientific Revolution of the 17th century and the emergence of liberal social speculation came the origins of the technocentric which turn overd that man has power over nature (Daly and Cobb, 1994). A technocentric view that nature (Gladwin et al., 1995) is both in delimited supplies of physical resources i.e. raw materials, energy, soil, ambiance and water which is, used for the benefit of humanity. The more industrialised a coun sift is or more a developing country try to mimic Western industrial cultures the more that c ountrys receiving environment declines due to pollution and ecological degradation (Roome, 1998). The DSP has vulnerable sustainability elements and its relation to growth, consumption behaviours measured by Gross Domestic return (GDP) have strong intrinsic relation to human centred ethics and self-egotistical enhancements. up to now though DSP is neoclassical, the economist Adam Smith 1723 to 1790 warned against monopolies and mercantilism. His theory was that markets are do towards the public good by an invisible hand which has made him a venerated figure among free market doctrinaires.New environmental paradigm(Milbrath, 1996 cited by Douthwaite, 2000) The New Paradigm (NEP), on the other hand, says that growth must never continue past the point at which it begins to endanger long-term sustainability. NEP individuals are more environmentally concerned and have ecocentric perspectives which tend to acknowledge the bearing of environmental limits, strong in sustainability with nature centred ethics that believe it is rarely if ever justifiable to damage ecosystems in the pursuit of self-enhancement (Hunter and Rinner, 2004). In addition, NEP looks at post overhearrism and the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) that has a strong ecocentric economic value. Nature in the NEP is viewed upon as having limited resource that is delicately equilibrate and subject to detrimental human intrusion. Thomas Robert Malthus said that man, sooner or later, universally, depart run up against himself that the population of mankind will lastly outstrip mans ability to supply himself with the necessities of life. Devastation can happen at low population levels but it is reasonable to say that up to a point population increase belongs a socio-economic problem only if food production technology fails to keep up (Barrows, 1999).Technocentric and ecocentric philosophy(Turner et al., 1996 cited by DAlisa 2007) shared sustainability, into technocentric and ecocentric. This vie wpoint allows a broader division between technocentric approach and ecocentric approach (Figure 1). after sub, categorising the technocentric approach, ethics and level of sustainability there became abundance technocentric and technocentric accommodating.The definition of abundance technocentric, technocentric-accommodating philosophies, ethics and values is they rely on the advanced growth of technologies to help develop substitutes for the shortage of natural resource and pollution problems. Ecocentric was sub, categorised into communitarian ecocentric and radical ecocentric. both of these ecocentric philosophies try to find an acceptable equilibrium between human social systems and the ecosystem.Figure Turner, Pearce and Bateman, 1996 cited in DAlisa 2007 shows a broader division between technocentric approach and ecocentric approach. in the flesh(predicate) philosophy in the flesh(predicate) ethics and valuesI personally believe I am an accommodating-technocentric. An accommoda ting-technocentric believes it is necessary to consider and also place a monetary value on the environment (DAlisa, 2007). An accommodating-technocentric approach recognizes that we must foster the environment, which is important to support all life and future economic growth. Eco-efficiency is the key word for this 21st century, which is possible by the support of green technologies (DAlisa, 2007). While growing up with my grandparents they taught me how to hunt animals, fish and grow food on the limited land we owned. Little did I know this was the beginning of what is termed permaculture.I have worked in engineering, electrical multinational companies in Ireland and abroad for 23 years, which have used Best Available Techniques (BAT). The companies I have worked for have used innovative technology to help other companies reduce their emissions to the environment but also to use resources more efficiently. After losing my job I returned to education and presently studying Enviro nmental and Natural Resource attention which provides a comprehensive knowledge of the science and management of the environment through with(predicate) modules like Sustainable development, sustainable energy, environmental issues like climate change, air and water pollution and the conservation of nature through planning. suit technocentric butt against extrinsic ethical logic caring for others whose motives are intergenerational and intergenerational equity (i.e. new-fangled poor and future people) instrumental value in nature (Turner et al., 1993).Personal definition of sustainable developmentSustainable development (figure 2 as cited by Huckle, 2006)) shows a connection between economic, social and environmental pillars in this modern proficient society. Because sustainable development model contains a personal meaning to every individual there are many definitions of the concept. Tolba (1987) Sustainability is when you resign the world better than you found it, take n o more than you need, try not to harm life or the environment, make amends if you do. Accommodating technocentric (Turner et al., 1993) are weak in sustainability. However, I may not be an extreme technocentric or ecocentric I personally believe that by beingness mid way I can recognise, make conscious logical decisions between economic, social and environmental issues. As a father of two young children, I want them to grow up in a clean environment where they have access to clean water and air. As humans we are unique because we have the ability, potential and opportunities to respond to threats natural or anthropogenic- perhaps to avoid or mitigate them i.e. through technology (Barrows, 1999).NaiveSDFigure the conventional view of sustainable development is about balance economic growth, social and environmental goals.Personal philosophy of sustainable developmentWhile studying for a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in Environmental and Natural Resource Management I have bec ome aware of limits to growth, finite resources and pollution of our environment. Through education, I have gained knowledge and techniques to understand that government policies and social structures have put pressure on our environment. Education has made me more aware that this current DSP is un-sustainable and needs to scale back to become sustainable. While tools such as sustainability indicators and the ecological whole tone by (Wackernagel Rees, 1996) has encouraged me to take appropriate decisions to change my behaviour on certain issues like retrofitting my home through insulation and completely lamentable away from a finite resource i.e. oil, to a more sustainable logwood gasification heating system. As an accommodating-technocentric, I have to agree with the linguistic rule of (Daly, 1990),Limit the scale (or economic throughput) within the Earths current capacity.Ensure that technological advancement increases efficiency rather than increasing output.Renewable source s should, not be harvested at rates that exceed regeneration rates (sustained yield). Waste emissions should not exceed the absorbing capacity of the receiving environment.Non-renewable resources must, never be exploited smart than the rate of creation of renewable substitutes.ConclusionIf sustainable development continues to tally all (often mutually exclusive) things to all people, then it cannot possibly carry the bright weight required of it at this crucial turning point in human history (Porritt, 2006). Sustainable development should not be an indefinite concept but pushed to the forefront, of all nations to educate the youth of today, as they will be the adults of tomorrow and show them that the current neoclassical, DSP is un-sustainable. Accommodating technocentric believes in conservation, managing of natural resources and they believe in the green economy, green markets guided by economic instruments (Els) (e.g. Pollution charges etc.) (Turner et al., 1993).As an accomm odating technocentric, it is possible to manage natural resources through advancement in green technology. If economic growth could be, modify through (adjusted Green accounting to measure GNP) (Turner et al., 1993). Green GNP calculates the loss of biodiversity and the effects of climate change in monetary terms. By using modern efficient technology and managing renewable resources, it will be possible to consume and generate profit while allowing it to generate back (sustained yields). Yes there is finite resources such as oil and coal but it possible to develop new technologies to substitute these i.e. Cynar PLC located in Portlaoise, Co Laois, Ireland, turns End of heart Plastic into Diesel (ELPD). Due to science and technology, they have turned a previous environmental landfill waste issue into a valuable asset.

How Does Motivation Affect Performance?

How Does Motivation Affect Performance?This literary productions matter triesto examine how train penury affects the wrinkle public presentation within an arrangement. conk out motivating tramp be divided in devil types of want called infixed and outside penury. inbuilt pauperization is motivating that comes from a mortal within and adventitious motif is need on materially goals. in that location argon a locoweed of aspects which squeeze out modulate / create the live motivating within an musical arrangement. Out this research on that point push aside be said that sp be-time employments, utilisation, salary and precedent consider captivate the break a appearance motivating of employees. When film handleors want to measure the indigence, they tail assembly use self-reports over time. After a check the managers endure compargon the twain points with each other.Job exploit tramp just ilk take shape motif divided in travail and context ual writ of execution. The surgical stillt on drive out simply be metric over time. After a special arrest they place nerve on if the accomplishment of an employee is adjoind or decreased. in that location argon piece or so variables that exercise the moving in functioning. The most signifi jackpott variables atomic number 18 enjoy, interests, money and power. every four of these variables suck in a compulsory influence on the stemma doing entirely all four in a nonher way.In this study at that place be some aspects which could feature influence on the congenericship betwixt regulate motive and meditate accomplishment. First come to all thither muckle be said that the relation amidst bleed demand and line surgical process is validating.There atomic number 18 cardinal combinations which atomic number 18 interesting. First, the relation amid infixed pauperization and assign exercise is interesting. When employees are integralally incite the argument functioning of employees forgetinginging emergence. Second, the relation between unessential rewards and executing is interesting. When employees receive an inessential reward wish well money ore promotion, their performance willing in addition join on.Conclusively, there fuel be said that motive has a prescribed termination on the occupation performance of employees within an makeup. Both native as alien want contain a positive influence on the job performance. Managers jakes use this selective information within an organization to motivate the employees. This will at long lastly gains the job performance of those employeesPrefaceChapter 1 IntroductionThis thesis will analyze how officiate need can affect the work performance of employees in an organization. There are a galactic amount of aspects that sum ups to the achiever of an organization. For an organization it is very important that race are motivated. If the employees of an organization are motivated their interests, attitude and performance will improve during work hours (Locke 2004). further much the performance is in like manner an aspect that contributes to the success of an organization. The chief(prenominal) goal of an organization is to make profit. An organization can save make profit if the employees of that specialized organization can achieve their goals (Beal 2005). This thesis will analyze how employers can influence the job performance of their employees and if this will influence the success of an organization.As said above, this thesis will focus on the connection between work motivating and job performance and how they influence the success of an organization. A large amount of researchers use devil different types of motivation. Researchers jeer that there is an constitutional motivation and adventitious motivation by employees. Intrinsic motivation involves acting from inside and this is inherently connected with en joy and interest (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). Extrinsic motivation is acting in limited way that go to a valuable added value (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). This is why this thesis will look at the different types of motivation (especially congenital and adscititious motivation).If the two types of motivation and job performance are argueed the link between work motivation and job performance can be put up. Is there a positive or ostracise link between work performance and job motivation? How does work motivation influences the job performance? Those questions will be effected during this thesis.Problem statementHow does work motivation affect the job performance of employees in an organization?Research QuestionsWhat are the theoretical approaches of work motivation?Which different perspectives of job performance are create by researchers?How do work motivation and job performance influence each other?Methodology agree to Sekaran and Bougie (2009) there are differ ent ways to nail selective information. The type of research that will be used for this thesis is a descriptive research. This thesis is a literature study which means that subaltern sources will be researched. Analysis of different variables will be the substructure for additional empirical research. Recent empirical research will be used to analyze the subjects of this thesis. By using scientifically papers the data can be found. The ideals of this research are work motivation, job performance and the link between work motivation and job performance.StructureThe main goal of this paper is to analyze how work motivation affects the job performance of employees within an organization.This paper is subdivided in three chapters. In the jump chapter answers will be found about work motivation. What is work motivation and how does motivation influences employees? The main subject of the snatch chapter will be job performance. For manikin questions regarding job performance are, w hat is job performance, what influences job performance within an organization? The third and last chapter will bring work motivation and job performance together. In this chapter work motivation and job performance will be combined. The main question of this chapter will be Does work motivation influence job performance and what will be the benefits within an organization?Chapter 2 Work motivationEach organization has employees who work for that organization. When employees are motivated, they are enjoyable and they are to a greater extent interested in their jobs (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). A large amount of researchers agree in the concept work motivation. This chapter will provide an abbreviation of the two types of work motivation. The first part of this chapter work motivation will be discussed. The gage part of this chapter inwrought and extrinsic motivation will be explained and the last part of this chapter provides the nucleus of those types of motivation.A larg e amount of researchers researched the concept work motivation. harmonize to Pinder (1998) work motivation is a set of energetic forces that invent both inside as well as outside an individuals being, to initiate work- link behavior and to determine its direction, intensity, and duration. Ambrose Kulik (1999) argues that work motivation is invisible, internal and hypothetical. A complement of the researchers above Pinder (1998) argues that energetic forces rich person a great influence on the work motivation of employees. Atkinson (1964) agrees with Pinder (1998). Atkinson (1964) argues that work motivation has a push-down list to do with the psychological process of employees. Seen these researchers there can be said that work motivation has to do with the psychological process. The psychological process of employees is invisible and internal.Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivationAs said above, work motivation is a psychological process which is invisible and internal, but there is in like manner dichotomy of motivation called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Porter and Lawler 1968). This study was developed in 1968 but sleek over these two types of motivation are used in the literature (blade 2008).In the prior paragraph the two types of motivation are mentioned. Researchers (Porter and Lawler 1968, Steel 2008) ca-ca found two different types of work motivation. The fol baseborning paragraphs will discuss intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Intrinsic motivationThe last decades a large amount of researchers investigated the concepts intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. harmonise to Calder and Staw (1975) motivation is intrinsic if an activity is undertaken for someone who involve immediate satisfaction. Van Yperen and Hagendoorn (2003) argue that motivation is intrinsic when people perform an activity for itself which bring them satisfaction. Van Yperen and Hagendoorn (2003) agree with Calder and Staw (1975) but they add that satisfaction is i nherent to enjoy. Steele (2008) argues that intrinsic motivation could imply sake in demeanoral patterns, thought processes, action and activity or response for its own importance.The previous paragraph describes that intrinsic motivation increases the satisfaction and consumption of employees. Deci (1971) argues that there are two ways to measure intrinsic motivation. The first way is to measure the free choice. An lesson for the free choice is do what you want to do and dont look to somebody else. The second way of beat intrinsic motivation is the use of self-reports of interest and enjoyments of a proper(postnominal) activity. An pillowcase for the self-report method is a questionnaire under employees. This way of measuring intrinsic motivation is most often used for experimental studies (Ryan, 1982). Loewenstein (1999) agrees with Deci (1971). Loewenstein (1999) as well found two ways of measuring intrinsic motivation. Loewenstein (1999) uses almost the same levels jus t comparable Deci (1971) doesThrough a persons self-report of how interesting and enjoyable the task is.Through the behavioral measures of choice of, and amount of time engaged with, the task during a free-choice period in which there are no extrinsic rewards or incentives associated with choosing or engaging in the task.The two measurement methods of Loewenstein (1999) and Deci (1971) hit a positive match. They both assimilate found two ways to measure intrinsic motivation.During this paragraph the researchers mentioned two different ways of methods to measure intrinsic motivation. There can be said that these two measurement methods can be used for intrinsic motivation. If managers use these two methods they can come differences in intrinsic motivation at employees over a period. The outcomes can wait on managers to understand the intrinsic motivation of his employees.All of the researchers mentioned above agree with the concept that intrinsic motivation is motivation that c omes from within a person. Intrinsic motivation also gives people more satisfaction and enjoy. When employees are intrinsically motivated their satisfaction and enjoyment for work increases. some other type of motivation is extrinsic motivation. The following paragraphs will analyze the conceptsExtrinsic motivationWhere intrinsic motivation is motivation from within a person, extrinsic motivation relates to impertinent values. This is the mean difference with intrinsic motivation. Just identical intrinsic motivation, a lot of research has been done about extrinsic motivation.Osterloh (2002) argues that extrinsic motivation occurs when employees are able to satisfy their needs in at once, most importantly through a financial compensation. Money is a goal which provides satisfaction independent of the veritable activity itself. Ryan and Deci (2000) argue that extrinsic motivation is motivation that gives an impertinent value. international values can be salary, holidays and othe r working conditions.Researchers (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007) take aim found three types of extrinsic motivation that can be ordered by the self-determination theory. The Self-determination theory (SDT) is a motivational theory that can be used for understanding individuals motivation (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007). By doing research (Pelletier, L. G., Sarrazin, P. 2007) on this framework several studies bewilder shown that extrinsic motivation is significantly related to performance (Boich-e, Sarrazin, Grouzet, Pelletier, Chanal, 2008). There are three levels in the self- determination theory. From begin to higher levels of self-determination, there are foreign regulation, introjections and identification.The first level is the external regulation (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007). This is behaviour that is regulated through external means like rewards and constraints. For spokesperson I study the night before exams, because my parents force me to. The second l evel is the introjected regulation (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007). This level explains that the individual begins to acquire the reasons of the persons action. For typesetters case I study the night before exams because thats what good students are hypothetical to do. The third and last level is Identification (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007) Identification is the behaviour that constrains determine and judged important for the individual, and especially that it is perceived as chosen by oneself. For example Ive chosen to study tonight because it is something important for me.Seen the analysis given above, there can be said that extrinsic motivation is motivation that points to external rewards like money and holidays. Managers can use this information for their employees. If a manager thinks that his employee isnt motivated replete, he can try to use external rewards to increase the employees extrinsic motivation.Effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivationThe previou s paragraphs provided an analysis of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. The following paragraphs will provide information about the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Effect of intrinsic motivationResearchers have found that a positive effect on a persons motivation increases the intrinsic motivation. Kraiger, Billings, Isen (1989) argue that a positive affect increases peoples enjoyment and interest of interesting activities. A nonher study found that the positive effect increases the valence of moderately desirable rewards (Erez Isen, 2002).Intrinsic motivation does not only affect the enjoyment and interests. It also affects the satisfaction and the performance during working hours (Erez Isen, 2002 Isen, Daubman, Nowicki, 1987 Staw Barsade, 1993). Vansteenkiste (2004) argues that people who are intrinsically motivated during reading material and other work activities achieve a let out performance during performance appraisals than people who are extrin sically motivated.Through years scientists have found a positive effect between motivation and the intrinsic motivation. Scientists agree that satisfaction and performance increases the intrinsic motivation. If an employee in an organization is intrinsically motivated, his satisfaction and performance at work will increase. Managers can use this information about the effect of intrinsic motivation. Managers need to motivation employees intrinsically. If they do that the performance and satisfaction will increase (Staw Barsade, 1993).Effect of extrinsic motivationIn the previous paragraph the do of intrinsic motivation are discussed. Managers can use external rewards to increase the extrinsic motivation but what is the effect of those rewards on extrinsic motivation? This paragraph will provide information about the effect of extrinsic motivation on employees of an organization.Research on intrinsic motivation has show that extrinsic rewards can have a blackenedball effect on int rinsic motivation (Daniel Esser, 1980 deCharms, 1968 Hess, Sandelands, 1980). As we see, this is an older study and researchers from the last decades have found new information about the effect of extrinsic motivation.A large amount of theories in mixer sciences have found a relationship between extrinsic motivation and human attitude. One of these theories is the scotch Exchange Theory (Constant, (2001) D, Kiesler, S (1998), and Sproull, L. 1994). This theory explains how people shape their attitudes by analyzing the consistencies of their own behaviour. The theory explains that people behave in a specific way because they look that the consequences of their own behaviour will bring more rewards of a certain benefits and these rewards and benefits will offset their behaviour (Constant, (2001) D, Kiesler, S (1998)., and Sproull, L. 1994). gibe to Steel (2008) the extrinsic factors that can influence motivation can include circumstances, situations, rewards or punishment. Those influences can be tangible and intangible. Steel (2008) argues that tangible benefits are monetary rewards and prizes. Intangible benefits include recognition, adoration and praise.In the last decades a large amount of researchers researched the effect of extrinsic motivation. In the eighties and mid-nineties researchers found a negative effect between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation. Researchers agreed that for example a higher salary had a negative effect on the performance or satisfaction. The last decades Kiesler (1998), Sproull (1994) en Steel (2008) have found a positive affect between extrinsic factors that influence extrinsic motivation. External rewards affect the extrinsic motivation.ConclusionTo answer the question mentioned in chapter 1, a lot of research has been done during this chapter. During this chapter two different types of motivation were found called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is that intrinsic motivation comes from within a person and extrinsic motivation is based on the motivation of external rewards like money and power (Ryan and Deci 2000). Also the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are discussed. The outcomes during this research were that external rewards increase the intrinsic motivation and that intrinsic motivation influences the motivation and satisfaction. Many studies have found that an extrinsic award can subvert intrinsic motivation for specific tasks (Deci, Koestner, Ryan, 1999). Intrinsic motivation is considered to promote psychological feelings of personal interests but extrinsic motivation can boycott your interests. Extrinsic rewards are for example money and power (Deci, Koestner, Ryan, 1999). Both approaches of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) have an effect on the work motivation. An employee needs intrinsic motivation to create enough satisfaction and performance but he/she also needs extrinsic motivation to have enough power and to earn enough money. A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has a positive effect on the work motivation.Chapter 3 Job performanceIn an organization, job performance is essential for the perturbation and profit of an organization. When the performance of the employees from an organization is low, the turnover and profit will be overthrow than the performance of the employees is high. Mangers can fire employees of the performance is too low and can promote employees if the performance is high. According to Greenhaus Parasuraman (1993) managers from an organization can have influence on the performance of employees. A good manager can make the performance of his employees better so that he does not have to fire employees.Task and contextual performanceAs mentioned in the mental institution of this paper, job performance is the performance of a person at work. The last decades, researchers investigated job performance. First job performance was directly con nected with task performance. Borman and Motowidlo (1993, 1997) expanded the domain of job performance to include contextual performance. Gellatly Irving (2001) agree with Borman and Motowidlo (1993, 1997). They found that job performance can be divided in task performance and contextual performance. Nowadays job performance can be divided in both task and contextual performance. According to Motowidlo, Borman, Schmit (1997) job performance is a dynamic multidimensional construct that refers to employees behaviors at work that directly or indirectly choke organizational goals. Motowidlo (1997) also argues that job performance is a multidimensional construct which can be divided in two general levels. The first level is task performance and the second level is contextual performance. Williams Anderson (1991) argue that task performance is related to an employees contribution to organizational performance. Gellatyl Irving (2001) agree with Williamson Anderson (1991). Gellatyl I rving (2001) argue that task performance (in-role behaviour) is behaviour that contributes to the organizations core. More specifically, task performance involves behaviour that contributes to the organizations work milieu (Borman Motowidlo, 1993). There can be said that task performance contributes directly to the work environment of an organization but how about the second level.The second level is contextual performance (extra-role behaviour). According to Borman Motowidlo (1993) contextual performance can be labeled as behaviour that does not directly contribute to organizational performance but contextual performance supports the psychological and social environment. Gellatly Irving (2001) argue that contextual performance (extra-role behaviour) helps form the organizational, social, and psychological conditions that support task activities. This is why contextual performance is also called extra-role behaviour. This behaviour is additional (extra) to an employees behaviour . contextual performance helps employees to improve their performance by listening to other colleagues.Beal (2005) developed a theoretical substruction for examining changes in job performance. When examining dynamic performance individuals unevenness in performance will be measured over time. To find differences in job performance the manager has to select variables to measure the variability over time. A large amount of researchers argue that different variables can find variability over time. However, researchers do not agree which variables that will be. Job performance is an important variable in human imaginativeness management and organizational behaviour (Viswesvaran, Schmidt, Ones, 2005).A well completen way to measure job performance is by sex. As we know, there are still lots of differences between male and female. An example for the differences between gender at work is payroll and promotion. McKay McDaniel (2006), Roth, Huffcutt, Bobko (2003) argue that there is a comfortable consistent that males receive a more favourable performance evaluation than females receive. Those higher performance evaluations can have a positive influence on promotions within an organization (Greenhaus Parasuraman, 1993). When employees of an organization receive higher evaluations they are a better candidate for promotion than someone who has a lower evaluation. Gender differences in measures of job performance can have influence on many other variables than only promotions. Another variable that can have influences is payment (Robertson, 1986). The differences in payment can have a negative influence on the swan and the satisfaction of an employee. When an employee of an organization is acquiring fewer loan than his colleague with the same job description the trust and satisfaction will decrease (King et al., 2010). A direct effect on loan is lateness, absenteeism, and turnover and achieves goals (Harrison, Newman, Roth, 2006).Influence on job performance The previous paragraphs discussed the task performance and contextual performance. Researchers found that task as contextual performance have influences on job performance. Task performance has a direct effect on the performance. Task performance or in-role behaviour is behaviour that contributes to the core of an organization. contextual performance indirectly contributes to an organizations performance Gellatyl Irving (2001). Contextual performance (extra-role behaviour) influences the social environment of an employee and not the core of an organization like task performance. Not only task and contextual performance (or in-role or extra-role behaviour) affects the job performance. Stress is also a variable that influences the job performance.Researchers have found a relation between work stressors and job performance. According to Jex (1998) this relationship depends on different factors that determine the stressors. Cavanaugh (2000) found that challenge stressors are positively related with job performance but, hindrance stressors are negatively associated with job performance. A lot of people think that stress ever so has a negative relationship with job performance but this literature displays the opposite. Stress can be positive in the challenge mood but can also be negative if the stress forces you to do things (Cavanaugh 2000). An example of challenge could be that account managers should reach their goals/targets each month. During this period of time, account managers have positive stress because they want to reach their goals/targets. An example of a hindrance stressor is that somebody wants to book a room in a hotel but all rooms are booked and his escape cock is tomorrow. This is a hindrance stressor because the booker is hampered in his choice and this can have a negative effect on his performance.Stress has a lot to do with ablaze feelings. Negative stress like hindrance can cause emotional exhaustion (Cordes Dougherty, 1993). Emotional exhaustion can be measured individually or in groups. During this paper, when we talk about emotional exhaustion, the individual emotional exhaustion is intended. Emotional exhaustion is the moment when employees feel emotionally overwhelmed and drained by their work (Leiter Maslach, 1988 Wilk Moynihan, 2005). Cordes Dougherty (1993) also add that a consequence of emotional exhaustion can cause a omit of energy and a bad feeling to an employee. Emotional exhaustion happens more frequently because organizations are asking more and more from their employees regarding responsibility and job performance (Klein Verbeke 1999).According to Lee Ashforth (1996) emotional exhaustion can have consequences for an organization. When an employee has an emotional exhaustion his withdrawal behaviour can increase. Babakus, Cravens, Johnston Moncrief (1999) add that it also can decrease the job performance. Managers prefer not that their employees get emotionally exhausted. According to Cohen Wills (1985) managers might identify targets more effectively for the emotional support of their employees to enhance the job performance.By using the conservation of resources (COR) theory, researchers can light up how feelings of emotional exhaustion can influence job performance. According to the COR theory, individuals become more emotionally exhausted when they do not have enough resources to do their job. The resources may include participation in decision reservation and social support by managers (Cordes Dougherty, 1993). The COR theory also argues that work asks a lot from employees. When demands exceed resources job performance can be trim (Babakus 1999). Hobfoll Freedy (1993) and Hobfoll (1998) both found a negative relation between emotional exhaustion and job performance by using the COR theory.ConclusionDuring this chapter two types of job performance are found called task and contextual performance (also known as in-role and extra-role behaviour). Task performan ce is the performance that has a direct contribution to the operations core. Unlike task performance, contextual performance does not contribute to the operations core but it supports the social environment. These are the two main differences between task performance and contextual performance. These two types of performance have an influence in the job performance and they can be measured. Research has found that different variables can influence the job performance. In this chapter gender and stressors are used to find out how performance can be measured. Nowadays there are still a lot of differences between male and female. Researchers have found that males receive better performance reviews than females. These performance reviews can have an effect on the motivation of that specific employee. Not only performance reviews but also stressors can have an influence on the job performance. There are positive and negative stressors. The negative stressors have a negative influence on the job performance. A negative stressors can for example be a black out. The positive stressors can have a positive effect on the job performance. When employees have a certain pressure to perform the stressors can be positive. The positive stressors can have a positive influence on the job performance.Chapter 4 The relationship between work motivation and job performanceThe previous chapters discussed work motivation and the job performance separately. This chapter will combine work motivation and job performance. For managers it is essential to know how they can motivate their employees and if this has an influence on the job performance. If there is a positive connection between work motivation and job performance, managers can use information from the analysis mentioned in chapter 2 (work motivation) to improve the job performance. As we know, if the job performance increases the profit and turnover will increase inherently.Work motivation and job performanceResearchers have fo und a positive connection between intrinsic motivation and job performance. According to Humphrey (2007) intrinsic motivation is positively related to work performance, organizational load and job satisfaction. Job autonomy is also inherent to intrinsic motivation (Morgeson, Delaney-klinger, Hemingway, 2005). When employees are intrinsically motivated their satisfaction and enjoy is higher than an employee who is extrinsically motivated. Because of the intrinsic motivation of the employee, the autonomy will increase as well (Parker, 1998). This is for managers important data because, the higher autonomy of employees the more individuality the employee has. The manager can give more support to other employees by who the autonomy is lower.Another relationship between motivation and performance has been found. Researchers found a positive connection between intrinsic work motivation and task performance (Morgeson et al. 2005). If employees have a certain pleasure and satisfaction whe n they are at work, this will have a positive effect on the work activities. According to Grouzet, Vallerand, Thill Provencher (2004) individuals who are intrinsically motivated perform better in their tasks because they find their tasks enjoyable and interesting. They also find that participation in those specific tasks is like a reward (Deci et al. 1989). This is in line with the study of Morgeson (2005). Morgeson (2005) also found that the progress of the work activities is inherent to the job performance (Morgeson et al. 2005). and then the better the employees work activities the better the job performance.Finally, Gagn and Deci (2005) found that employees who have a high intrinsic motivation are more involved in their jobs and they have a greater goal attainment than employees who have a lower intrinsic motivation. According to Humphrey (2007) employees who are intrinsically motivation not only have a greater goal to attainment but, they also have a greater responsibility an d volition to perform better and to be successful in the organization. The connections above are interesting because a large amount of researchers agree in the concept that intrinsic motivation influences the job performance positively.Not only employees who are intrinsically motivated have an influence on the job performance. Researchers have also found that employees who are extrinsically motivated have a positive effect on the job performance. A positive connection betw

Secularism in France

Secularism in France rise QUESTION Discuss the french 2004 impartiality which prohibits asseverate direct students from displaying some(prenominal)(prenominal) unearthly signs. Briefly introduce the equity, explain the reasons why this fairness of nature was pick out and memorialise how it fits with the belief of layism in the French Re habitual.Since the French Revolution in 1789 and the law open up in 1791, requiring the state to be neutral and both everyplacet and church matters to be tot e real(prenominal)y separate, France has been considered a sacrilegious state. France has been fabulously strict on this law since it was established, believing that neutrality meant equality, which is one of the briny principles in France. After a rather massive period of time, the political relation in France eventually brought in a throttle of laws referred to as the Jules take laws. These laws decl atomic number 18 that all state schools be required, in buildings, sta ff and class to be secular, no signs of religion to be shown at all. This led to the acceptance of the 2004 law stating that all conspicuous signs of religion in school were to be banned. A law that arose from a crisis which started in the late 1980s, where Muslim girls were clothing the headscarves which represented their religion in a state school. While in the main unopposed in France, the introduction of this law brought about some controversy, at heart France itself and around the neighbouring countries. This essay sets out to explain the 2004 law, and the reasons why it was adopted. It also intends to look for how this law fits in with Frances principles on secularity, and equality.The law that president at the time, Jacques Chirac signed off on 15th of March 2004, came into effect on 2nd kinfolk 2004, the beginning of the new(a) school year. This law prohibits whatever forms of religious signs universe worn in schools. Because within the law itself, at that place is no referral to any specific signs, the law prohibits e reallything, including only if not easy lay to, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish religious symbols. The official name for this law is, in English, Law No. 2004-228 of 15 March 2004 regulating, in accordance with the principle of secularism, the slanging of symbols or clothing denoting religious affiliation in schools, colleges and public steep schools1. The title of the law itself is very specific, on that pointby tying off the loophole that existed in the previous laws, in which the crisis began in the first place.The deep roots of the secular state of France comes from the French revolution in 1789. Before this period France was command by an absolute monarchy, meaning that the poove and only the king had all the power to regularisation the democracy. There were no limits to how the king could rule, so frequently, kings do by that power. The king, during this period of time command, as he and the church retrieved, as a favour to beau ideal, and so the church was highly involved with the elbow room the king ruled. After the revolution, the way the terra firma was ruled was changed in a very large and imp portrayaling way, the state became secular, the king now ruled by the exit of the battalion, and not by the grace of god (Jones 1994) France was also now ruled under the new constitution, as a constitutional monarchy, and as a body politic. The tribe now had a rather large say in how their homeland was tickled. The constitutional monarchy brought in some new laws for how the king could rule for example, if a new law was to be passed it had to go through a series of councillors before it got to the king himself. This new constitution involved a bill for the new rights of hands and citizens (excludes women and slaves). This allowed for all men and citizens to be born(p) and remain free this involves freedom of religion and freedom of speech, for all men and citizens to be equal this involves equality of property ownership, and equal taxes, and lastly the republic is one and indivisible which includes national sovereignty and the state being secular. some a century after the start of the revolution, new laws came into government by the means of a man called Jules Ferry. Ferry is best cutn for his educational laws, which were brought in in 1882. These laws state that education for state schools in France was to be free of charge and compulsory for children aged between six and thirteen years old, and all state schools had to be secular. Ferrys schools without God were bitterly opposed by the churchmen Yet despite their contested beginnings the schools proved one of the more or less enduring cultural achievements of the early Third Republic. (Jones 1994), this goes to show that although in that respect was an opposition for these schools at first, they became very successful, and it was a strong financial support for the secularity principles of France.This practice seemed to work without a hitch for over 100 years. In 1989, a job occurred that needed to be addressed by delivery in a new law which eventually came into effect in 2004. The issue that arose was, in 1989 trine young female students were expelled from their state school which they attended near Paris, for wearing their religious head scarves to school and ref apply to call for them. They even persisted to wear them during physical activity periods, and this seemed to be extremely unnecessary. This plain harmless act in the students eyes, led to their expulsion. It was a complication, because teachers and headmasters did not know how to deal with this issue, as it had never occurred before, so it was decided upon as the students had gloomy the law they were to be expelled. Many mint found this disciplinary act excessive, and it caused a great uproar, involving young female students all over the unpolished to wear their headscarves to school as well. Because of the lar ge scale of unhappiness of the people of France, the news program was all over this case, which led the High Administrative Council to pass that some higher form of discipline had to happen to regain control of the state. This was the come across issue that led to the development, and adoption of the law in 2004.The students to the highest degree likely thought their act was acceptable, because of one key mistake in the Jules Ferry Laws of 1882. These laws only refer to the buildings, curriculum and staff to be secular at all times. There is no mention of students at all. Therefore, the three students who inadvertently started the involution in 1989 obviously saw this as a loop hole, and that nothing was wrong with what they were doing. Which in terms of the law, in that location wasnt. It in general came down to the fact that the French people had a very set in stone opinion on the way the body politic should be, in regards to the way that they were interpreting the laws. T he past events of the country led it to become secular, and the people of France believe that this consists of everything. Even as the new law has come in, in that location are still certain places which are not genuinely verbalise in the laws at all, like universities and clannish schools, the laws on this subject are rather specific.The wearing of headscarves in public places in France could be viewed as a negative also because of the links that it has with Islamic fundamentalism. Though most of the 5 million Muslims, or 8.3%2 of Frances population, practice moderate religion, there are is a small percent of those who are fundamentalists and are using the steady increase in the Muslim population to their advantage. France battles severely with the guardianship of having terrorist attacks on its hands from people of its own soil e.g. Algeria and also attacks from Saudi-Arabian Arabia. Although there is an option for people to attend religious private schools in France, there exhaust been some cases where organised Islamic militant groups have forced young female students to wear the headscarf to school in regularize to pressure other girls to do the same. There have also been cases of deny these students from certain classes in school which the groups believe are against their beliefs. This is an example of some other just reason of why the law was adopted.On the other hand, although there were many reasons for adopting this law, there were also many reasons against. One of these reasons was, the adoption of this new law faced a lot of opposition from other nations- on an international level. One of the opposing nations was Britain. A great deal of British Muslims were against the adoption of this rule, many taking on the belief that it contradicted Frances law of religious freedoms. The British government were also on board in condemning the French for assay to ban religious headwear and symbols in state schools (Adenekan 2004). The ban faced all s orts of opposition, even from other religious divides in Britain, saying that it was among their basic rights as humans to wear symbols of their religion. Many believe that is part of their identity, and taking that away willing cause divides in the community. some other nation which is severely against the law is fall in States. The nation of the United States believes that students back likewiseth wear their religious symbols in schools without challenging the secularity of the state. One of the biggest problems that America has with this law is that it does not allow the integration process, In this view, forbidding headscarves in public schools is meaningless in the face of problems that are primarily social and economic. (Vasse 2004). The United States holds a standardised secular principle, but the primary purpose for this adoption was to make sure that the government would not interfere with church business, to hang on religion protected from the state, not the other w ay around.There were groups of people who were backing the law because of the womens rights. They thought that the Muslim women who were having to wear the religious headscarves made the women inferior, as their rights were oppressed heavily by the men, and their religion. Some could press the other side of this argument though, it is said that when the protests occurred when the law was first on the cards in 2004, the women who turned up to protest all claimed to wear their headscarf of their own free will. This shows the diversity of the way people reacted to this law being brought in, there were many reasons for the law to be brought in, and just as many reasons to oppose it.The law fits in very well with the secularism principles of France, and a key example of this is the French motto itself, which is still used today in modern day auberge, Libert, galit, fraternit, meaning liberty equality and fraternity. The reasons for this law designation in with these principles are sta ted under the declaration of rights for citizens and men that were established during the revolution in 1879. The first, Libert, states that all men should have freedom of religion. The laws which France has relating to religion, is to ensure that all citizens and men have that right to their own religion. This way there is no stat church so no real pressure on citizens to conform to the normal religion. That in part is what this new law is trying to fit to, to make sure that students do not feel pressured, or offended for that fact, because everyone has different belief.The option for religious students to go to a private religious school, means that there is no real excuse for the deportment that caused the adoption of the law in the first place. The way that the French society stands, is that there is options for everyone, to fit with the principles that the state runs by, for religious freedom. There are those who will argue that people should be able to express their religious freedoms everywhere, but it is fair to say that this just does not simply fit with Frances secularity principles, if it was the case to express religion everywhere there would be too many complications.It is clear to see from the evidence that France may have had no other choice but to adopt this law. As the only way to regain control of the country, and as a way to keep to the principles and practices of the French state. After the adoption of this law, there was talk of Germany taking on similar laws. It is plain to see that although there were many protests against the law at first, the country runs smoothly with it in place, and it creates a blanket of peace, and keeps the majority of people happy. The problem of religious symbols being worn in schools was resolved by the feeling of this law, which won in government by the majority of the vote. A country that has similar principles as France is New Zealand. In New Zealand there is more leniency within the laws, as in New Zeala nd it is not against the law to wear religious symbols in public, but it is a secular country all the same.France is not the only Western country to insist on the separation of church and state but it does so more militantly than any other (Astier 2004). This is reflected in the current events of France. After the introduction of this law, it was thought that the conflict of the wearing of religious symbols in public schools was resolved. But recent news stories have revealed a new perception on what religious symbols actually are, and how other innocent pieces of clothing and appearances are being viewed. A very recent news story on BBC states how France is facing a sporting backlash against its strict secular policy after it emerged a 15-year-old Muslim girl was sent home from school because she was wearing a enormous black skirt. But the harsh reality is, how can a long skirt be considered a religious symbol? There are plenty of non-religious people who wear skirts, whether th ey be long or short, as an everyday item of clothing. The real questions are where is the line defined with the limit of what a religious symbol is? and when is enough, enough?BibliographyAdenekan, Shola. 2004. British criticism of headscarf ban. February 12. Accessed may 03, 2015. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3477109.stm.Astier, Henri. 2004. The deep roots of French secularism. September 01. Accessed April 13, 2015. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3325285.stm.Britannica, Encyclopaedia. n.d. Jules Ferry. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Accessed April 29, 2015.France, Law section of. 2004. Law No. 2004-228 of 15 March 2004 regulating, in accordance with the principle of secularism, the wearing of symbols or clothing denoting religious affiliation in schools, colleges and public high schools. 09 01. Accessed 04 30, 2015. http//www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000417977dateTexte=.Jones, Colin. 1994. Cambridge Illustrated History Of France. Cambri dge University Press.Lyon, Dawn, and Deborah Spini. 2004. UNVEILING THE HEADSCARF DEBATE. Legislative note, Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers.Unknown. 2015. France outcry over Muslim schoolgirls skirt ban. 04 29. Accessed 05 01, 2015. http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-32510606.. 2004. French MPs back headscarf ban. 02 10. Accessed 04 29, 2015. http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3474673.stm.. n.d. The official website of france. Accessed 04 30, 2015. http//www.france.fr/en.html.Vasse, Justin. 2004. Veiled meanng The French Law banning religous symbols in public schools. Research report, Washington The Brookings Institute.1 Name of law acquired from http//www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ on 24 April 20152 Estimated number, retained from the work of Vasse page 3

Mary Jane: The Devil Weed :: essays research papers fc

Mary Jane The demon WeedABSTRACT This stem, entitled "Mary Jane The Devil Weed?" attempts toexamine what we know about hemp and what problems are associated with itsuse. The paper examines briefly the history of cannabis legislation,marijuanas known effects, and conclusions about its danger.Early in this century, the government waged a war of terrorism on marijuana,or halter sativa. "By 1937, forty-six states had laws against the use ofmarijuana, and its use had already been made a criminal offense under federallaw" (Jaffe, 659). Andrews pointed out that " non until some time in the early1930s did the Louisianna legislature header a state regulation making use of thedrug vicious" (5). Jaffe noted that "since the early 1900s, marifuana has beenconsidered the one drug that might introduce the fictile to hard drugs."Jaffe pointed out that "since about 1950.... smoking of marijuana has beenlinked statistically to the use of other illicit drugs ....Most observers trainconcluded that the link is sociological rather than biological and...marijuanais a marker for individuals who are more(prenominal) prostrate to seek innovative experiences even whenthese violate social norms and local laws."Andrews link that "sensational newspaper stories relating...to crime isgenerally held to be accountable for the choppy enactment of a law prohibitingits use." He went on to note that "users were a great deal subject to heavy penalties--up to life imprisonment in Texas." "After caffeine, nicotine and alcohol,marijuana is the fourth most popular abused substance" (OBrien, Cohen, Evans,and Fine, 175).does marijuana be this reputation? We must first consider what it isand what effects it has. The active fixings is tetrahydocannabinol, or THC(Andrews). THC, found only in the female plant, produces a mild euphoric effect.Marijuana is considered a hallucinogen, a inscription 1 drup, under the ControlledSubstanc es Act of 1970 (OBrien, Cohen, Evans, and Fine, 177). A Schedule 1drug room there is no known medical use. Recently "a new drug application wasapproved for THC (Marinol) to be used therapeutically for control of nausea andvomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy" (Jaffe, 663). This moved THC fromSchedule 1 to 2 (medical use despite potential for abuse).How dangerous is marijuana? Jaffe notes that "any performance test showsimpairment....although no distinctive biochemical changes have been found inhumans." Andrews writes, "Physical effects of marijuana use is credibly themajor question....The answer? None." OBrien, Cohen, Evans, and Fine, reportedthat the National Institute on dose Abuse found, "Marijunan now available isfive to 10 times more potent than it was a half dozen years ago" (178). firearmthese statements may not sound conclusive, the Institute of Medicine, according

OBriens Things They Carried Essay: An American Nightmare

Hi narrative has shaped every sphere and their people, in particular negative experiences like the Holocaust in Nazi-Germany or the Vietnam war, involving the United States in a grueling controversy from 1964 until 1975. The author Tim OBrian confronts an American reference in his short stories The Things They Carried with the inhumane consequences of political and military mightiness decisions by rewriting history from a natural,individual point of view. Thus he forces the audience to take a stand, to ask questions, to get morally and ethically involved. The narrative structure of the bang of the Song Tra Bong and How to Tell a True War invoice contains two levels, the first on beingness a discourse active the characters of Vietnam stories. The I, the narrator, introduces Rat Kiley as his extension for the narrative that follows. He characterizes stories about war as strange, swirling spinal column and forth across the border between trivia and bedlam, the mad and tellur ian. The stories have a life of their own, reality is not absolute, not final. With this scope he describes the ambiguity of war itself, the normality that turns into insanity, he summarizes the narrative about Mary Ann Bell and her experiences with the war. The narrator clearly states the purposes of these stories, he is not raise in factual truths about the war, he openly questions the reliability of his etymon Rat had a reputation for exaggeration and overstatement. He wants the audience to feel exactly what he felt, an emotional experience, a subjective approach. The second narrative level tells the story about Mary Ann Bell, the Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong. The narrator, probably the author, retells Rats story in his own words, so that t... ...ositive as well as its negative accomplishments. But how is this to be d maven, how do we deal with history personally and politically? Ths author Tim OBrian gives us one answer in How to Tell a True War Story on page 69 You can tell a unbent war story if it embarrasses you. It you dont care for obscenity, you dont care for the truth if you dont care for the truth, experience how you vote. Send guys to war, they come home talking dirty. In early(a) words if you dont want war watch how you vote. The connotation of this statement is off the beaten track(predicate) reaching, it naturally places responsibility on the American government for having participated in the war, notwithstanding it foremost appeals to the american public to take responsibility and to use this history, this story to create a better future. Works CitedOBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried.New York Penguin Books USA Inc., 1990.